تدريب Shadowing: Black Hole Documentary 2019 - Part 1 - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
جارٍ إنشاء الدرس...
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black hole is a region of space where matter has condensed to such a high density that
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the gravity at its surface the surface gravity is so high that you cannot escape it even at the speed of light you are forever trapped it is the fabric of the space-time continuum warped back on
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itself and what you fall in the fact that these cosmic objects exist boggles the mind they are
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so counterintuitive massive and strange they have been considered hypothetical objects for the longest time in the history of science in his general theory of relativity in 1916 Albert
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Einstein first predicted the existence of black holes but it took a German artillery lieutenant fighting on the frontlines of the First World War Karl Schwarzschild to provide the first exact
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solution to Einstein's field equations of general relativity where he described how space-time is walked outside a spherical object his mathematical solution shows how it becomes harder for matter
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to escape the gravitational field of ultra high dense stars eventually there comes a point where every particle even light becomes gravitationally trapped once matter passes this point there is no
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escape this point of no return is called the event horizon and something completely bizarre happens once you approach and go past the event horizon time itself slows down to a complete standstill
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this is why early physicists studying these mysterious objects sometimes called them frozen stars the phrase black hole was only popularized by American physicist John Wheeler in 1967 when
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it was reportedly suggested by a student at one of his lectures wheeler also best summarized in layperson terms the field equations where he described it as space-time tells matter
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how to move and matter tells space-time how to curve it took decades to accept black holes as anything but a mathematical curiosity most of the leading theoretical physicists of the 20th
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century insisted that these strange objects could never form in reality Arthur Eddington said I think there should be a law of nature to prevent a star from behaving in this absurd
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way but black holes are all too real though it is understandable that even world leading experts in general relativity dismissed them as mere mathematical curiosities after all the
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phrase black hole caught on for a reason they are pitch black as they emit no light so how can you take a phenomena seriously if you can't directly observe it how do you see the unseeable
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when an ultra-high dense star runs out of nuclear fuel it begins to collapse on its own weight if it's massive enough say 10 to 29 solar masses its collapsed core will turn into a neutron star a way
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to break your mind is to try to visualize a star that's 10 times the mass of the Sun with the size of a city that's a neutron star if it has a mass greater than 20 times the mass of the Sun even
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the proton degeneracy pressure will not suffice to keep the mass from imploding and collapsing into a single point of infinite density forming a black hole black holes are detected as surrounding
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material like gas is funneled by the force of gravity into a disk around the black hole the gas molecules in the disk swirl around the black hole so fast that they heat up and emit x-rays in
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the 1960s x-ray astronomy was developing rapidly with a series of rockets and satellites launched into space in 1964 astronomers discovered one of the brightest x-ray sources in the sky in
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the constellation Cygnus in 1970 NASA launched a hurroo x-ray Explorer satellite that provided detailed observation and measurements for this strange x-ray radio source it showed Sig x1 had
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rapid variability on timescales shorter than a second the mission was also able to calculate the mass of this mysterious object 15 solar masses far exceeding any theoretical limit
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for neutron stars making Sig x1 a prime candidate to be the first stellar black hole ever detected
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next week we will explore far more ominous black holes than stellar ones subscribe and ring the bell to be notified about part 2 of the black hole series thanks for watching
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 23 جملة و706 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 5:49. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 121 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 75% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| collapse فعل | /kəˈlæps/ | اِنْهَار |
| mathematical صفة | /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/ | رِيَاضِيّ |
| density اسم | /ˈdɛn.sə.ti/ | كَثَافَة |
| satellite اسم | /ˈsætəlaɪ̯t/ | قَمَر, تَابِع |
| trap اسم | /tɹæp/ | فَخّ, مِصْيَدَة |
| phrase اسم | /ˈfɹeɪ̯z/ | جُمْلَة, تَعْبِير |
| mysterious صفة | /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/ | غَامِض |
| horizon اسم | /həˈɹaɪ.zən/ | أُفُق |
| detect فعل | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | كَشَفَ |
| equation اسم | /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/ | مُعَادَلَة |
| disk اسم | /dɪsk/ | قُرْص |
| theoretical صفة | /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/ | نَظَرِيّ |
| dense صفة | /ˈdɛns/ | كَثِيف, غَلِيظ |
| curiosity اسم | /ˌkjʊɹ.iˈɑ.sə.ti/ | فُضُول |
| stellar صفة | /ˈstɛl.əɹ/ | نَجْمِيّ |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| heat up فعل | سَخَّنَ |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
- أصوات “th”: mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, constellation /ˌkɑn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən/, gravitational /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪʃənəl/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, mysterious /mɪˈstɪɹi.əs/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/, curiosity /ˌkjʊɹ.iˈɑ.sə.ti/, phenomenon /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل collapse, mathematical, density.
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | have been considered · is walked · is called |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | has condensed · have been considered |
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.