跟读练习: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us - 通过视频学习英语口语
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51 句
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Neuroscience has largely worked out the basic information processing steps that lead to the construction of our conscious experience of the world.
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Light reflects off of surfaces in the world.
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This reflected light passes through the cornea, pupil and lens before being detected by photoreceptors in the retina.
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Let's call the moment that light is detected by cells in the retina time zero.
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Our conscious experience of events in the world does not happen at time zero, but rather a quarter to a third of a second later.
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During that quarter to one third of a second, a tremendous amount of very complex unconscious
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and pre-conscious processing takes the two-dimensional pattern of pixel-like activations at
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the retina to a highly constructed three-dimensional conscious experience of objects and events occurring in the world.
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Some of the work in my lab has focused on the operations
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that happen in this quarter to one third of a second
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before we become conscious of what is apparently happening in the world.
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I have been especially interested in visual illusions
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because they are mistakes made by the constructive processes that go into the creation of our conscious visual experience.
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They are mistakes that can tell us useful information about the processes that go into the construction of our conscious experience.
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In the case of a visual illusion, we might see something that we know is not really there.
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It looks like something is there or is happening that we know cannot really be happening.
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Take this example of what is called apparent motion.
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In one frame, I show two dots, and in the next frame, I show two other dots.
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Even though there is no motion in this image sequence, your visual system creates a motion sequence.
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But this motion sequence is ambiguous.
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Some of you probably see vertical motion, and others see horizontal motion.
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Whatever you see, you can now force your visual system to construct the opposite motion.
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Let's say you're seeing horizontal motion now.
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To force your brain to see vertical motion, cover the right two jumping dots with your hand.
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Now, you'll see the remaining two dots go vertically.
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Now, when you take your hand away, you will continue to see the motion jump back and forth vertically.
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Likewise, if you want to force your visual system to see horizontal motion, cover the bottom two dots with your hand.
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Now the top two will jump back and forth, and when you remove your hand, the horizontal motion will continue.
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This apparent motion is, well, only apparent.
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It's not real.
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There's no net horizontal or vertical motion in the image, and none of the dots are actually moving at all.
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We are experiencing a motion consciously that does not exist.
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It is a construction of those processes that create our conscious experience.
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Apparent motion is a case where we see something that we know is not really out there in the world.
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There are other cases where we fail to see something that we know is, in fact, happening in the world.
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A beautiful example of this occurs in a phenomenon called motion-induced blindness.
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You can see that there are three yellow dots and a blinking fixation point.
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In addition, there's a rotating array of crosses.
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What you'll notice, if you carefully look at the blinking dot in the middle is
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that one or two or all three of the yellow dots will vanish from your consciousness.
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But if you make a sudden eye movement, poof, all three yellow dots appear again.
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So we have cases where we consciously experience something that we know is not really happening in reality,
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as when we see horizontal or vertical apparent motion in a sequence of static dots,
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And we also have cases where we fail to see something that we know is happening in reality.
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So what are we to take from all this?
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While it's safe to assume that there is a reality in itself, it might turn out to function in a radically different way
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than it seems to function to us given what we can glean from our flawed sensory constructions.
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Yet all we have are our senses
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and the constructions of our conscious experience to go on in deciphering what is happening in reality.
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Beyond these limitations, we can only try to do the best
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that we can in our efforts to figure out the nature of reality as it really is, beyond how it may seem to us.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“1 6 What Illusions Teach Us”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：motion, dot, conscious, experience, happening。 这段视频共有 51 个句子、754 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 4:17。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 176 个词，接近日常对话。 82% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| horizontal 形容词 | /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/ | 水平, 橫的 /横的 |
| retina 名词 | /ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/ | 視網膜 /视网膜, 網膜 /网膜 |
| blink 动词 | /ˈblɪŋk/ | 眨眼, 眨眼睛 |
| illusion 名词 | /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/ | 幻想, 幻覺 /幻觉 |
| construct 动词 | /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/ | 建造, 建設 /建设 |
| dimensional 形容词 | /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/ | 維的 /维的 |
| detect 动词 | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | 察覺 /察觉, 發覺 /发觉 |
| blindness 名词 | /ˈblaɪndnəs/ | 盲目性 |
| cornea 名词 | /ˈkɔː(ɹ)ni.ə/ | 角膜, 眼角膜 |
| decipher 动词 | /dɪˈsaɪfə(ɹ)/ | 解碼 /解码, 解讀 /解读 |
| neuroscience 名词 | 神經科學 /神经科学 | |
| vanish 动词 | /ˈvænɪʃ/ | 消失 |
| ambiguous 形容词 | /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/ | 模稜兩可 /模棱两可, 歧義 /歧义 |
| rotate 动词 | /ˈɹoʊ.teɪt/ | 旋转, 转动 |
| sensory 形容词 | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | 感覺的 /感觉的 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| figure out 动词 | 弄清楚 | |
| work out 动词 | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | 計算 /计算, 算出 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | has largely worked · has focused · have been |
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | being detected · is detected · is called |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 3 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 you'll, you're。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, fixation /fɪksˈeɪʃən/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, constructive /kənˈstɹʌktɪv/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: dot /dɑt/, blink /ˈblɪŋk/, construct /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/, detect /dɪˈtɛkt/, blindness /ˈblaɪndnəs/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, radically /ˈɹædɪkli/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 horizontal, retina, blink 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。