Shadowing Practice: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us - Learn English Speaking with Video

Neuroscience has largely worked out the basic information processing steps that lead to the construction of our conscious experience of the world.

Light reflects off of surfaces in the world.

This reflected light passes through the cornea, pupil and lens before being detected by photoreceptors in the retina.

Let's call the moment that light is detected by cells in the retina time zero.

Our conscious experience of events in the world does not happen at time zero, but rather a quarter to a third of a second later.

During that quarter to one third of a second, a tremendous amount of very complex unconscious

and pre-conscious processing takes the two-dimensional pattern of pixel-like activations at

the retina to a highly constructed three-dimensional conscious experience of objects and events occurring in the world.

Some of the work in my lab has focused on the operations

that happen in this quarter to one third of a second

before we become conscious of what is apparently happening in the world.

I have been especially interested in visual illusions

because they are mistakes made by the constructive processes that go into the creation of our conscious visual experience.

They are mistakes that can tell us useful information about the processes that go into the construction of our conscious experience.

In the case of a visual illusion, we might see something that we know is not really there.

It looks like something is there or is happening that we know cannot really be happening.

Take this example of what is called apparent motion.

In one frame, I show two dots, and in the next frame, I show two other dots.

Even though there is no motion in this image sequence, your visual system creates a motion sequence.

But this motion sequence is ambiguous.

Some of you probably see vertical motion, and others see horizontal motion.

Whatever you see, you can now force your visual system to construct the opposite motion.

Let's say you're seeing horizontal motion now.

To force your brain to see vertical motion, cover the right two jumping dots with your hand.

Now, you'll see the remaining two dots go vertically.

Now, when you take your hand away, you will continue to see the motion jump back and forth vertically.

Likewise, if you want to force your visual system to see horizontal motion, cover the bottom two dots with your hand.

Now the top two will jump back and forth, and when you remove your hand, the horizontal motion will continue.

This apparent motion is, well, only apparent.

It's not real.

There's no net horizontal or vertical motion in the image, and none of the dots are actually moving at all.

We are experiencing a motion consciously that does not exist.

It is a construction of those processes that create our conscious experience.

Apparent motion is a case where we see something that we know is not really out there in the world.

There are other cases where we fail to see something that we know is, in fact, happening in the world.

A beautiful example of this occurs in a phenomenon called motion-induced blindness.

You can see that there are three yellow dots and a blinking fixation point.

In addition, there's a rotating array of crosses.

What you'll notice, if you carefully look at the blinking dot in the middle is

that one or two or all three of the yellow dots will vanish from your consciousness.

But if you make a sudden eye movement, poof, all three yellow dots appear again.

So we have cases where we consciously experience something that we know is not really happening in reality,

as when we see horizontal or vertical apparent motion in a sequence of static dots,

And we also have cases where we fail to see something that we know is happening in reality.

So what are we to take from all this?

While it's safe to assume that there is a reality in itself, it might turn out to function in a radically different way

than it seems to function to us given what we can glean from our flawed sensory constructions.

Yet all we have are our senses

and the constructions of our conscious experience to go on in deciphering what is happening in reality.

Beyond these limitations, we can only try to do the best

that we can in our efforts to figure out the nature of reality as it really is, beyond how it may seem to us.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación de nivel C1 se basa en el vídeo “1 6 What Illusions Teach Us”. Las palabras que más se repiten: motion, dot, conscious, experience, happening. Este vídeo tiene 51 frases y 754 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 4:17. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 176 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 82 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
horizontal adjetivo	/ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/	horizontal
retina sustantivo	/ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/	retina
vertically adverbio	/ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/	verticalmente
consciously adverbio		conscientemente
blink verbo	/ˈblɪŋk/	parpadear, pestañear
construct verbo	/ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/	construir
detect verbo	/dɪˈtɛkt/	detectar
blindness sustantivo	/ˈblaɪndnəs/	ceguera
cornea sustantivo	/ˈkɔː(ɹ)ni.ə/	córnea
decipher verbo	/dɪˈsaɪfə(ɹ)/	descifrar, decodificar
fixation sustantivo	/fɪksˈeɪʃən/	fijación
neuroscience sustantivo		neurocienca
photoreceptor sustantivo		fotorreceptor
vanish verbo	/ˈvænɪʃ/	desvanecerse, esfumarse
radically adverbio	/ˈɹædɪkli/	radicalmente

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

Palabra	Significado
figure out verbo	averiguar, captar
pass through verbo	atravesar

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

Estructura	En el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace	being detected · is detected · is called
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora	has focused · have been

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 3 contracciones y formas reducidas, como you'll, you're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, fixation /fɪksˈeɪʃən/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
Palabras largas — cuida el acento: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/

Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:

/v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, constructive /kənˈstɹʌktɪv/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/
/z/ — sonora, no /s/: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, likewise /ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como horizontal, retina, vertically.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →

Shadowing Practice: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us - Learn English Speaking with Video

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