Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us

Neuroscience has largely worked out the basic information processing steps that lead to the construction of our conscious experience of the world.

Light reflects off of surfaces in the world.

This reflected light passes through the cornea, pupil and lens before being detected by photoreceptors in the retina.

Let's call the moment that light is detected by cells in the retina time zero.

Our conscious experience of events in the world does not happen at time zero, but rather a quarter to a third of a second later.

During that quarter to one third of a second, a tremendous amount of very complex unconscious

and pre-conscious processing takes the two-dimensional pattern of pixel-like activations at

the retina to a highly constructed three-dimensional conscious experience of objects and events occurring in the world.

Some of the work in my lab has focused on the operations

that happen in this quarter to one third of a second

before we become conscious of what is apparently happening in the world.

I have been especially interested in visual illusions

because they are mistakes made by the constructive processes that go into the creation of our conscious visual experience.

They are mistakes that can tell us useful information about the processes that go into the construction of our conscious experience.

In the case of a visual illusion, we might see something that we know is not really there.

It looks like something is there or is happening that we know cannot really be happening.

Take this example of what is called apparent motion.

In one frame, I show two dots, and in the next frame, I show two other dots.

Even though there is no motion in this image sequence, your visual system creates a motion sequence.

But this motion sequence is ambiguous.

Some of you probably see vertical motion, and others see horizontal motion.

Whatever you see, you can now force your visual system to construct the opposite motion.

Let's say you're seeing horizontal motion now.

To force your brain to see vertical motion, cover the right two jumping dots with your hand.

Now, you'll see the remaining two dots go vertically.

Now, when you take your hand away, you will continue to see the motion jump back and forth vertically.

Likewise, if you want to force your visual system to see horizontal motion, cover the bottom two dots with your hand.

Now the top two will jump back and forth, and when you remove your hand, the horizontal motion will continue.

This apparent motion is, well, only apparent.

It's not real.

There's no net horizontal or vertical motion in the image, and none of the dots are actually moving at all.

We are experiencing a motion consciously that does not exist.

It is a construction of those processes that create our conscious experience.

Apparent motion is a case where we see something that we know is not really out there in the world.

There are other cases where we fail to see something that we know is, in fact, happening in the world.

A beautiful example of this occurs in a phenomenon called motion-induced blindness.

You can see that there are three yellow dots and a blinking fixation point.

In addition, there's a rotating array of crosses.

What you'll notice, if you carefully look at the blinking dot in the middle is

that one or two or all three of the yellow dots will vanish from your consciousness.

But if you make a sudden eye movement, poof, all three yellow dots appear again.

So we have cases where we consciously experience something that we know is not really happening in reality,

as when we see horizontal or vertical apparent motion in a sequence of static dots,

And we also have cases where we fail to see something that we know is happening in reality.

So what are we to take from all this?

While it's safe to assume that there is a reality in itself, it might turn out to function in a radically different way

than it seems to function to us given what we can glean from our flawed sensory constructions.

Yet all we have are our senses

and the constructions of our conscious experience to go on in deciphering what is happening in reality.

Beyond these limitations, we can only try to do the best

that we can in our efforts to figure out the nature of reality as it really is, beyond how it may seem to us.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us

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Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?