跟讀練習: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us - 通過影片學習英語口語
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51 句
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Neuroscience has largely worked out the basic information processing steps that lead to the construction of our conscious experience of the world.
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Light reflects off of surfaces in the world.
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This reflected light passes through the cornea, pupil and lens before being detected by photoreceptors in the retina.
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Let's call the moment that light is detected by cells in the retina time zero.
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Our conscious experience of events in the world does not happen at time zero, but rather a quarter to a third of a second later.
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During that quarter to one third of a second, a tremendous amount of very complex unconscious
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and pre-conscious processing takes the two-dimensional pattern of pixel-like activations at
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the retina to a highly constructed three-dimensional conscious experience of objects and events occurring in the world.
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Some of the work in my lab has focused on the operations
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that happen in this quarter to one third of a second
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before we become conscious of what is apparently happening in the world.
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I have been especially interested in visual illusions
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because they are mistakes made by the constructive processes that go into the creation of our conscious visual experience.
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They are mistakes that can tell us useful information about the processes that go into the construction of our conscious experience.
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In the case of a visual illusion, we might see something that we know is not really there.
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It looks like something is there or is happening that we know cannot really be happening.
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Take this example of what is called apparent motion.
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In one frame, I show two dots, and in the next frame, I show two other dots.
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Even though there is no motion in this image sequence, your visual system creates a motion sequence.
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But this motion sequence is ambiguous.
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Some of you probably see vertical motion, and others see horizontal motion.
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Whatever you see, you can now force your visual system to construct the opposite motion.
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Let's say you're seeing horizontal motion now.
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To force your brain to see vertical motion, cover the right two jumping dots with your hand.
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Now, you'll see the remaining two dots go vertically.
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Now, when you take your hand away, you will continue to see the motion jump back and forth vertically.
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Likewise, if you want to force your visual system to see horizontal motion, cover the bottom two dots with your hand.
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Now the top two will jump back and forth, and when you remove your hand, the horizontal motion will continue.
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This apparent motion is, well, only apparent.
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It's not real.
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There's no net horizontal or vertical motion in the image, and none of the dots are actually moving at all.
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We are experiencing a motion consciously that does not exist.
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It is a construction of those processes that create our conscious experience.
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Apparent motion is a case where we see something that we know is not really out there in the world.
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There are other cases where we fail to see something that we know is, in fact, happening in the world.
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A beautiful example of this occurs in a phenomenon called motion-induced blindness.
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You can see that there are three yellow dots and a blinking fixation point.
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In addition, there's a rotating array of crosses.
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What you'll notice, if you carefully look at the blinking dot in the middle is
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that one or two or all three of the yellow dots will vanish from your consciousness.
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But if you make a sudden eye movement, poof, all three yellow dots appear again.
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So we have cases where we consciously experience something that we know is not really happening in reality,
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as when we see horizontal or vertical apparent motion in a sequence of static dots,
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And we also have cases where we fail to see something that we know is happening in reality.
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So what are we to take from all this?
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While it's safe to assume that there is a reality in itself, it might turn out to function in a radically different way
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than it seems to function to us given what we can glean from our flawed sensory constructions.
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Yet all we have are our senses
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and the constructions of our conscious experience to go on in deciphering what is happening in reality.
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Beyond these limitations, we can only try to do the best
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that we can in our efforts to figure out the nature of reality as it really is, beyond how it may seem to us.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“1 6 What Illusions Teach Us”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：motion, dot, conscious, experience, happening。 這段影片共有 51 個句子、754 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 4:17。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 176 個詞，接近日常對話。 82% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| horizontal 形容詞 | /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/ | 水平, 橫的 /橫的 |
| retina 名詞 | /ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/ | 視網膜 /視網膜, 網膜 /網膜 |
| blink 動詞 | /ˈblɪŋk/ | 眨眼, 眨眼睛 |
| illusion 名詞 | /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/ | 幻想, 幻覺 /幻覺 |
| construct 動詞 | /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/ | 建造, 建設 /建設 |
| dimensional 形容詞 | /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/ | 維的 /維的 |
| detect 動詞 | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | 察覺 /察覺, 發覺 /發覺 |
| blindness 名詞 | /ˈblaɪndnəs/ | 盲目性 |
| cornea 名詞 | /ˈkɔː(ɹ)ni.ə/ | 角膜, 眼角膜 |
| decipher 動詞 | /dɪˈsaɪfə(ɹ)/ | 解碼 /解碼, 解讀 /解讀 |
| neuroscience 名詞 | 神經科學 /神經科學 | |
| vanish 動詞 | /ˈvænɪʃ/ | 消失 |
| ambiguous 形容詞 | /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/ | 模稜兩可 /模稜兩可, 歧義 /歧義 |
| rotate 動詞 | /ˈɹoʊ.teɪt/ | 旋轉, 轉動 |
| sensory 形容詞 | /ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/ | 感覺的 /感覺的 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| figure out 動詞 | 弄清楚 | |
| work out 動詞 | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | 計算 /計算, 算出 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | being detected · is detected · is called |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | has focused · have been |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 3 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 you'll, you're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, fixation /fɪksˈeɪʃən/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, constructive /kənˈstɹʌktɪv/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: dot /dɑt/, blink /ˈblɪŋk/, construct /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/, detect /dɪˈtɛkt/, blindness /ˈblaɪndnəs/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, radically /ˈɹædɪkli/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 horizontal, retina, blink 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。