Prática de Shadowing: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Neuroscience has largely worked out the basic information processing steps that lead to the construction of our conscious experience of the world.
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Light reflects off of surfaces in the world.
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This reflected light passes through the cornea, pupil and lens before being detected by photoreceptors in the retina.
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Let's call the moment that light is detected by cells in the retina time zero.
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Our conscious experience of events in the world does not happen at time zero, but rather a quarter to a third of a second later.
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During that quarter to one third of a second, a tremendous amount of very complex unconscious
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and pre-conscious processing takes the two-dimensional pattern of pixel-like activations at
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the retina to a highly constructed three-dimensional conscious experience of objects and events occurring in the world.
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Some of the work in my lab has focused on the operations
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that happen in this quarter to one third of a second
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before we become conscious of what is apparently happening in the world.
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I have been especially interested in visual illusions
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because they are mistakes made by the constructive processes that go into the creation of our conscious visual experience.
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They are mistakes that can tell us useful information about the processes that go into the construction of our conscious experience.
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In the case of a visual illusion, we might see something that we know is not really there.
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It looks like something is there or is happening that we know cannot really be happening.
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Take this example of what is called apparent motion.
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In one frame, I show two dots, and in the next frame, I show two other dots.
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Even though there is no motion in this image sequence, your visual system creates a motion sequence.
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But this motion sequence is ambiguous.
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Some of you probably see vertical motion, and others see horizontal motion.
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Whatever you see, you can now force your visual system to construct the opposite motion.
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Let's say you're seeing horizontal motion now.
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To force your brain to see vertical motion, cover the right two jumping dots with your hand.
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Now, you'll see the remaining two dots go vertically.
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Now, when you take your hand away, you will continue to see the motion jump back and forth vertically.
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Likewise, if you want to force your visual system to see horizontal motion, cover the bottom two dots with your hand.
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Now the top two will jump back and forth, and when you remove your hand, the horizontal motion will continue.
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This apparent motion is, well, only apparent.
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It's not real.
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There's no net horizontal or vertical motion in the image, and none of the dots are actually moving at all.
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We are experiencing a motion consciously that does not exist.
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It is a construction of those processes that create our conscious experience.
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Apparent motion is a case where we see something that we know is not really out there in the world.
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There are other cases where we fail to see something that we know is, in fact, happening in the world.
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A beautiful example of this occurs in a phenomenon called motion-induced blindness.
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You can see that there are three yellow dots and a blinking fixation point.
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In addition, there's a rotating array of crosses.
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What you'll notice, if you carefully look at the blinking dot in the middle is
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that one or two or all three of the yellow dots will vanish from your consciousness.
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But if you make a sudden eye movement, poof, all three yellow dots appear again.
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So we have cases where we consciously experience something that we know is not really happening in reality,
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as when we see horizontal or vertical apparent motion in a sequence of static dots,
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And we also have cases where we fail to see something that we know is happening in reality.
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So what are we to take from all this?
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While it's safe to assume that there is a reality in itself, it might turn out to function in a radically different way
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than it seems to function to us given what we can glean from our flawed sensory constructions.
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Yet all we have are our senses
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and the constructions of our conscious experience to go on in deciphering what is happening in reality.
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Beyond these limitations, we can only try to do the best
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that we can in our efforts to figure out the nature of reality as it really is, beyond how it may seem to us.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “1 6 What Illusions Teach Us”. As palavras que mais se repetem: motion, dot, conscious, experience, happening. Este vídeo tem 51 frases e 754 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:17. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 176 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 82% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| horizontal adjetivo | /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/ | horizontal |
| retina substantivo | /ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/ | retina |
| vertically advérbio | /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/ | verticalmente |
| consciously advérbio | conscientemente | |
| blink verbo | /ˈblɪŋk/ | piscar |
| illusion substantivo | /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/ | truque de mágica |
| construct verbo | /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/ | montar |
| dimensional adjetivo | /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/ | dimensional |
| detect verbo | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | detectar, detetar |
| blindness substantivo | /ˈblaɪndnəs/ | cegueira |
| cornea substantivo | /ˈkɔː(ɹ)ni.ə/ | córnea |
| decipher verbo | /dɪˈsaɪfə(ɹ)/ | decifrar |
| neuroscience substantivo | neurociência | |
| photoreceptor substantivo | fotorrecetor | |
| vanish verbo | /ˈvænɪʃ/ | desaparecer, esvair |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| figure out verbo | descobrir, deduzir | |
| work out verbo | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | calcular |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has largely worked · has focused · have been |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | being detected · is detected · is called |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 3 contrações e formas reduzidas, como you'll, you're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, fixation /fɪksˈeɪʃən/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: dot /dɑt/, blink /ˈblɪŋk/, construct /ˈkɑn.stɹʌkt/, detect /dɪˈtɛkt/, rotate /ˈɹoʊ.teɪt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, pixel /ˈpɪk.səl/, pupil /ˈpjuːpəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como horizontal, retina, vertically.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.