Shadowing Practice: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us - Learn English Speaking with Video

Neuroscience has largely worked out the basic information processing steps that lead to the construction of our conscious experience of the world.

Light reflects off of surfaces in the world.

This reflected light passes through the cornea, pupil and lens before being detected by photoreceptors in the retina.

Let's call the moment that light is detected by cells in the retina time zero.

Our conscious experience of events in the world does not happen at time zero, but rather a quarter to a third of a second later.

During that quarter to one third of a second, a tremendous amount of very complex unconscious

and pre-conscious processing takes the two-dimensional pattern of pixel-like activations at

the retina to a highly constructed three-dimensional conscious experience of objects and events occurring in the world.

Some of the work in my lab has focused on the operations

that happen in this quarter to one third of a second

before we become conscious of what is apparently happening in the world.

I have been especially interested in visual illusions

because they are mistakes made by the constructive processes that go into the creation of our conscious visual experience.

They are mistakes that can tell us useful information about the processes that go into the construction of our conscious experience.

In the case of a visual illusion, we might see something that we know is not really there.

It looks like something is there or is happening that we know cannot really be happening.

Take this example of what is called apparent motion.

In one frame, I show two dots, and in the next frame, I show two other dots.

Even though there is no motion in this image sequence, your visual system creates a motion sequence.

But this motion sequence is ambiguous.

Some of you probably see vertical motion, and others see horizontal motion.

Whatever you see, you can now force your visual system to construct the opposite motion.

Let's say you're seeing horizontal motion now.

To force your brain to see vertical motion, cover the right two jumping dots with your hand.

Now, you'll see the remaining two dots go vertically.

Now, when you take your hand away, you will continue to see the motion jump back and forth vertically.

Likewise, if you want to force your visual system to see horizontal motion, cover the bottom two dots with your hand.

Now the top two will jump back and forth, and when you remove your hand, the horizontal motion will continue.

This apparent motion is, well, only apparent.

It's not real.

There's no net horizontal or vertical motion in the image, and none of the dots are actually moving at all.

We are experiencing a motion consciously that does not exist.

It is a construction of those processes that create our conscious experience.

Apparent motion is a case where we see something that we know is not really out there in the world.

There are other cases where we fail to see something that we know is, in fact, happening in the world.

A beautiful example of this occurs in a phenomenon called motion-induced blindness.

You can see that there are three yellow dots and a blinking fixation point.

In addition, there's a rotating array of crosses.

What you'll notice, if you carefully look at the blinking dot in the middle is

that one or two or all three of the yellow dots will vanish from your consciousness.

But if you make a sudden eye movement, poof, all three yellow dots appear again.

So we have cases where we consciously experience something that we know is not really happening in reality,

as when we see horizontal or vertical apparent motion in a sequence of static dots,

And we also have cases where we fail to see something that we know is happening in reality.

So what are we to take from all this?

While it's safe to assume that there is a reality in itself, it might turn out to function in a radically different way

than it seems to function to us given what we can glean from our flawed sensory constructions.

Yet all we have are our senses

and the constructions of our conscious experience to go on in deciphering what is happening in reality.

Beyond these limitations, we can only try to do the best

that we can in our efforts to figure out the nature of reality as it really is, beyond how it may seem to us.

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1 8 What is Causation

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64 cümleler

Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları

Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “1 6 What Illusions Teach Us” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: motion, dot, conscious, experience, happening. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 51 cümle ve 754 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 4:17 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 176 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin %82’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.

Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler

Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:

Kelime	Telaffuz	Anlam
horizontal sıfat	/ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/	yatay
retina isim	/ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/	ağ kat, ağ tabaka
blink fiil	/ˈblɪŋk/	göz kırpmak
blindness isim	/ˈblaɪndnəs/	körlük
cornea isim	/ˈkɔː(ɹ)ni.ə/	kornea, saydam tabaka
decipher fiil	/dɪˈsaɪfə(ɹ)/	deşifre etmek
vanish fiil	/ˈvænɪʃ/	yok olmak
ambiguous sıfat	/æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/	belirsiz, iki anlamlı
sensory sıfat	/ˈsɛn.sə.ɹi/	duyusal, duyumsal
pixel isim	/ˈpɪk.səl/	piksel, gözek
flawed sıfat	/flɔːd/	kusurlu
pupil isim	/ˈpjuːpəl/	öğrenci
activation isim	/ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/	aktivasyon
unconscious sıfat	/ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəs/	bilinçsiz
likewise zarf	/ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/	aynen, bilmukabele

Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller

Kelime	Anlam
figure out fiil	açığa çıkarmak

Bu videodaki dil bilgisi

Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:

Yapı	Videoda
Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli	being detected · is detected · is called
Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem	has focused · have been

Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar

Konuşmacı you'll, you're gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 3 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.

“sh” ve “zh” sesleri: illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, fixation /fɪksˈeɪʃən/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/

Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:

Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: blink /ˈblɪŋk/, blindness /ˈblaɪndnəs/, flawed /flɔːd/, pupil /ˈpjuːpəl/, static /ˈstæt.ɪk/
/æ/ — “e”den daha açık: vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, radically /ˈɹædɪkli/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/, static /ˈstæt.ɪk/

Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır

Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; horizontal, retina, blink gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?

Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.

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