Shadowing Practice: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us - Learn English Speaking with Video

Neuroscience has largely worked out the basic information processing steps that lead to the construction of our conscious experience of the world.

Light reflects off of surfaces in the world.

This reflected light passes through the cornea, pupil and lens before being detected by photoreceptors in the retina.

Let's call the moment that light is detected by cells in the retina time zero.

Our conscious experience of events in the world does not happen at time zero, but rather a quarter to a third of a second later.

During that quarter to one third of a second, a tremendous amount of very complex unconscious

and pre-conscious processing takes the two-dimensional pattern of pixel-like activations at

the retina to a highly constructed three-dimensional conscious experience of objects and events occurring in the world.

Some of the work in my lab has focused on the operations

that happen in this quarter to one third of a second

before we become conscious of what is apparently happening in the world.

I have been especially interested in visual illusions

because they are mistakes made by the constructive processes that go into the creation of our conscious visual experience.

They are mistakes that can tell us useful information about the processes that go into the construction of our conscious experience.

In the case of a visual illusion, we might see something that we know is not really there.

It looks like something is there or is happening that we know cannot really be happening.

Take this example of what is called apparent motion.

In one frame, I show two dots, and in the next frame, I show two other dots.

Even though there is no motion in this image sequence, your visual system creates a motion sequence.

But this motion sequence is ambiguous.

Some of you probably see vertical motion, and others see horizontal motion.

Whatever you see, you can now force your visual system to construct the opposite motion.

Let's say you're seeing horizontal motion now.

To force your brain to see vertical motion, cover the right two jumping dots with your hand.

Now, you'll see the remaining two dots go vertically.

Now, when you take your hand away, you will continue to see the motion jump back and forth vertically.

Likewise, if you want to force your visual system to see horizontal motion, cover the bottom two dots with your hand.

Now the top two will jump back and forth, and when you remove your hand, the horizontal motion will continue.

This apparent motion is, well, only apparent.

It's not real.

There's no net horizontal or vertical motion in the image, and none of the dots are actually moving at all.

We are experiencing a motion consciously that does not exist.

It is a construction of those processes that create our conscious experience.

Apparent motion is a case where we see something that we know is not really out there in the world.

There are other cases where we fail to see something that we know is, in fact, happening in the world.

A beautiful example of this occurs in a phenomenon called motion-induced blindness.

You can see that there are three yellow dots and a blinking fixation point.

In addition, there's a rotating array of crosses.

What you'll notice, if you carefully look at the blinking dot in the middle is

that one or two or all three of the yellow dots will vanish from your consciousness.

But if you make a sudden eye movement, poof, all three yellow dots appear again.

So we have cases where we consciously experience something that we know is not really happening in reality,

as when we see horizontal or vertical apparent motion in a sequence of static dots,

And we also have cases where we fail to see something that we know is happening in reality.

So what are we to take from all this?

While it's safe to assume that there is a reality in itself, it might turn out to function in a radically different way

than it seems to function to us given what we can glean from our flawed sensory constructions.

Yet all we have are our senses

and the constructions of our conscious experience to go on in deciphering what is happening in reality.

Beyond these limitations, we can only try to do the best

that we can in our efforts to figure out the nature of reality as it really is, beyond how it may seem to us.

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1 8 What is Causation

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “1 6 What Illusions Teach Us”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: motion, dot, conscious, experience, happening. Deze video bevat 51 zinnen en 754 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 4:17. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 176 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 82% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
horizontal bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/	horizontaal
retina zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈɹɛt.ə.nə/	netvlies, retina
vertically bijwoord	/ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/	verticaal, loodrecht
consciously bijwoord		bewust
blink werkwoord	/ˈblɪŋk/	knipperen
illusion zelfstandig naamwoord	/ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/	illusie
dimensional bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/	dimensionaal
detect werkwoord	/dɪˈtɛkt/	detecteren
blindness zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈblaɪndnəs/	blindheid
decipher werkwoord	/dɪˈsaɪfə(ɹ)/	ontcijferen
neuroscience zelfstandig naamwoord		neurowetenschap
vanish werkwoord	/ˈvænɪʃ/	verdwijnen
induce werkwoord	/ɪnˈduːs/	opwekken, veroorzaken
ambiguous bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/	meerduidig, dubbelzinnig
rotate werkwoord	/ˈɹoʊ.teɪt/	roteren, ronddraaien

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
figure out werkwoord		uitvogelen, er achter komen
work out werkwoord	/ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/	uitrekenen

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

Structuur	In de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	being detected · is detected · is called
Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt	has focused · have been

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 3 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals you'll, you're. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

De klanken “sh” en “zh”: illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, fixation /fɪksˈeɪʃən/, vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/
Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: horizontal /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, vertically /ˈvɝ.tɪ.kəli/, dimensional /daɪˈmɛn.ʃə.nəl/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, limitation /lɪmɪˈteɪʃən/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: flawed /flɔːd/, constructive /kənˈstɹʌktɪv/, likewise /ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/
/æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: vanish /ˈvænɪʃ/, radically /ˈɹædɪkli/, ambiguous /æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/, activation /ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/, static /ˈstæt.ɪk/

Zo oefen je met deze video

Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als horizontal, retina, vertically.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →

Shadowing Practice: 1 6 What Illusions Teach Us - Learn English Speaking with Video

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1 8 What is Causation

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