Prática de Shadowing: 1 8 What is Causation - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

Criando lição...
1
Two events can behave in a connected way without necessarily being causally connected.
2
They might simply be correlated.
3
For example, it might seem that a rooster crowing at dawn causes the sun to rise.
4
Certainly, the rooster crowing consistently precedes the sunrise in a very systematic way.
5
But how can we be sure that the rooster does not actually cause the sun to rise?
6
Well, we can intervene in some way on the rooster, making it impossible for him to crow, and nonetheless the sun will rise.
7
So, consistent pre-occurrence is not sufficient to distinguish true causation from a mere appearance of causation.
8
Other times, there might be what is called a lurking variable
9
that can account for the apparent link between events that appear to be causally linked.
10
Take for example the amount of clothing that people wear and the amount of ice cream that they eat.
11
The more clothing they wear, the less ice cream they eat.
12
And the more ice cream they eat, the less clothing they wear.
13
Does ice cream cause people to wear less or does wearing more clothing cause people to eat less ice cream?
14
No, of course not.
15
We can see that there's a lurking variable, in this case temperature, that drives both outcomes.
16
As it gets hotter outside, people tend to want to wear less clothing and they also want to eat more ice cream.
17
So neither temporal correlation nor any other kind of correlation in outcomes is sufficient to establish true causation between events.
18
How can we establish the existence of a genuine causal relationship between two things that both vary in time?
19
The most popular models of causation nowadays are called interventionist or manipulationist models of causation,
20
defended in recent years by thinkers such as Judea Pearl and John Woodward.
21
Their models of causation are rooted in the intuition that
22
if some variable associated with event A causes something to change in another event, B, then one should be able to manipulate A in some way
23
and see corresponding changes in B that happen after changing A.
24
If A is modeled as causing B, then there should be an intervention on A that results in B changing its value.
25
These kinds of models of causation basically describe what scientists have done for centuries to determine causal relationships among variables.
26
Scientists try to control for all independent variables.
27
calls this screening off the other variables besides A that likely partially cause B, by holding their values constant.
28
Then we vary the single variable A in order to see the consequences or changes
29
expressed by some outcome or dependent variable B.
30
If B changes with an intervention on A, it's concluded that A causes B, at least in part.
31
For example, if you manipulate the thermostat, and the furnace goes on,
32
and it gets warmer, that's a causal relationship because turning on the thermostat makes the furnace turn on.
33
But causation is not always so simple, especially in the brain and mind, as we shall see.
📺 Mesmo canal
1 7 What is InformationC1

1 7 What is Information

University StudentsWorking Adults
1 6 What Illusions Teach UsC1
6

1 6 What Illusions Teach Us

University StudentsWorking Adults
✨ Vídeo recomendado
4 Subject link 6 C3B2
11
24 frases

4 Subject link 6 C3

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
1. Introduction to statistics - Lecture 1C1
1
244 frases

1. Introduction to statistics - Lecture 1

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Two Astrophysicists Debate Free WillC1
1
251 frases

Two Astrophysicists Debate Free Will

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
What is History? E.H. CarrC1
2
106 frases

What is History? E.H. Carr

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
Theories of Emotion | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan AcademyC1
5
96 frases

Theories of Emotion | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
The Professor Who Taught People How To Think (1962)C1
552 frases

The Professor Who Taught People How To Think (1962)

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1 Most Comprehensive Advanced Vocabulary for IELTS, TOEFL, and PTE ExamsC1
2
198 frases

C1 Most Comprehensive Advanced Vocabulary for IELTS, TOEFL, and PTE Exams

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
RE Unit 4BC1
3
48 frases

RE Unit 4B

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
We Know More About Time Than You ThinkC1
9
197 frases

We Know More About Time Than You Think

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Why Do We Itch?C1
46
12 frases

Why Do We Itch?

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
'Self-Regulatory focus theory' and leadership | IELTS LISTENING TEST | SECTION-4C1
3
57 frases

'Self-Regulatory focus theory' and leadership | IELTS LISTENING TEST | SECTION-4

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepBusiness English
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 1 Lecture with PowerpointC1
4
88 frases

Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 1 Lecture with Powerpoint

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students

Sobre esta lição

Nesta lição, você vai praticar a compreensão de conceitos complexos em inglês, como causalidade e correlação, enquanto aprimora sua pronúncia e fluência por meio do shadowing. O vídeo explica a diferença entre eventos conectados e causalmente ligados, usando exemplos práticos, o que ajuda a treinar a escuta ativa e a reprodução de frases com clareza. É uma oportunidade perfeita para combinar aprendizado de conteúdo com prática de fala!

Vocabulário e frases-chave

  • Causation (Causalidade): Relação entre um evento e seu efeito.
  • Correlated (Correlacionado): Dois eventos que ocorrem juntos, mas não necessariamente de forma causal.
  • Lurking variable (Variável oculta): Fator não observado que explica a correlação entre dois eventos.
  • Interventionist model (Modelo intervencionista): Método para testar causalidade manipulando uma variável.
  • Screening off (Isolar): Controlar variáveis para estudar o efeito de uma só.

Dicas de prática

O shadowing em inglês é uma técnica poderosa para melhorar a pronúncia e a fluência, e este vídeo é ideal para praticá-la! A velocidade é média, com frases claras, mas com termos técnicos que exigem atenção. Aqui está como fazer: shadow speech (falar junto) com pausas curtas: reproduza cada frase 2-3 segundos após o narrador, imitando o tom e a entonação. Foque nos acentos em palavras como "causation" (kaw-ZAY-shun) e "manipulationist" (ma-nip-yuh-LAY-shuh-nist). Se perder o ritmo, recomece a frase. Lembre-se: o objetivo é não apenas repetir, mas entender enquanto fala. Com o tempo, você notará que sua pronúncia em inglês fica mais natural e sua capacidade de seguir conversas complexas melhora. Pratique diariamente por 10-15 minutos, e verá resultados rápidos! O shadow speak não é só sobre repetir — é sobre se conectar com a língua e ganhar confiança.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →