Pratique du Shadowing: 1 8 What is Causation - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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Two events can behave in a connected way without necessarily being causally connected.
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They might simply be correlated.
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For example, it might seem that a rooster crowing at dawn causes the sun to rise.
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Certainly, the rooster crowing consistently precedes the sunrise in a very systematic way.
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But how can we be sure that the rooster does not actually cause the sun to rise?
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Well, we can intervene in some way on the rooster, making it impossible for him to crow, and nonetheless the sun will rise.
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So, consistent pre-occurrence is not sufficient to distinguish true causation from a mere appearance of causation.
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Other times, there might be what is called a lurking variable
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that can account for the apparent link between events that appear to be causally linked.
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Take for example the amount of clothing that people wear and the amount of ice cream that they eat.
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The more clothing they wear, the less ice cream they eat.
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And the more ice cream they eat, the less clothing they wear.
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Does ice cream cause people to wear less or does wearing more clothing cause people to eat less ice cream?
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No, of course not.
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We can see that there's a lurking variable, in this case temperature, that drives both outcomes.
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As it gets hotter outside, people tend to want to wear less clothing and they also want to eat more ice cream.
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So neither temporal correlation nor any other kind of correlation in outcomes is sufficient to establish true causation between events.
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How can we establish the existence of a genuine causal relationship between two things that both vary in time?
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The most popular models of causation nowadays are called interventionist or manipulationist models of causation,
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defended in recent years by thinkers such as Judea Pearl and John Woodward.
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Their models of causation are rooted in the intuition that
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if some variable associated with event A causes something to change in another event, B, then one should be able to manipulate A in some way
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and see corresponding changes in B that happen after changing A.
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If A is modeled as causing B, then there should be an intervention on A that results in B changing its value.
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These kinds of models of causation basically describe what scientists have done for centuries to determine causal relationships among variables.
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Scientists try to control for all independent variables.
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calls this screening off the other variables besides A that likely partially cause B, by holding their values constant.
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Then we vary the single variable A in order to see the consequences or changes
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expressed by some outcome or dependent variable B.
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If B changes with an intervention on A, it's concluded that A causes B, at least in part.
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For example, if you manipulate the thermostat, and the furnace goes on,
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and it gets warmer, that's a causal relationship because turning on the thermostat makes the furnace turn on.
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But causation is not always so simple, especially in the brain and mind, as we shall see.
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What You'll Practice in This Lesson

Ready to boost your English skills while exploring an interesting topic? This lesson uses a video about causation to help you practice listening, speaking, and understanding complex ideas. You'll learn to follow explanations, pick up new vocabulary, and even try shadowing—repeating what you hear right after the speaker. It's a fun way to learn English with videos and improve your fluency!

Key Vocabulary & Phrases

  • Causation: The relationship where one event makes another happen.
  • Correlated: When two events happen together but don't necessarily cause each other.
  • Lurking variable: A hidden factor that explains why two events seem connected (e.g., temperature in the ice cream and clothing example).
  • Interventionist model: A way to test causation by changing one thing to see if another thing changes.
  • Screening off: Controlling other factors to focus on the relationship between two variables.

Practice Tips for Shadowing Success

The video has a clear, moderate pace—perfect for shadow speech! Here's how to practice: First, watch the video once to understand the main ideas. Then, play short clips (5-10 seconds) and repeat them immediately, copying the tone and rhythm. Don't worry about mistakes—focus on matching the speaker's speed. If a phrase is tricky, pause and break it down. This shadowing site (and others like it) is great for honing your skills because you can replay sections as needed. Remember, shadow speak is about training your mouth and ears to work together. Over time, you'll notice your pronunciation and fluency improve. Keep going—you're doing amazing!

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →