跟讀練習: What Do I Project onto Other People? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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One of the most continuously fascinating ideas in psychotherapy is the concept of projection.

What this means, simply put, is that all of us have a storehouse of assumptions about what other people are like and how they will behave,

which owes very little to actual people who we meet today

and has a lot more to do with complications in our childhoods which we have generally forgotten all about.

Furthermore, these projections tend to be distinctly and unfruitfully negative.

We think worse of people than we should.

We are quicker to be afraid, to be angry and to be uncooperative than we need to be

because our imaginations are filled with dark experiences which reflect our painful origins and yet fail to do justice to a broader,

more innocent and more hopeful present.

As a result, our projections gum up our relationships with the world around us.

We arrive in the presence of other people with a great deal more aggression, suspicion, fear or doubt than is warranted in the here and now.

The theory of projections sounds simple and plausible enough.

The difficulty is that it's extremely hard to work out what it is that we are actually projecting.

We are far too much inside ourselves to see our own biases.

We can't tell how we're distorting our assessments of other people.

There's no gap between our judgements and our reason.

Yet we stand to make a little bit of progress through a simple exercise

which involves a a little bit of reflection on our most characteristic assumptions of other people, taken as a whole.

In a quiet, reflexive mood, we should title a blank sheet of paper, What I Expect Other People Will Be Like.

And then we should see what comes up for us.

A list might look like this.

Older men in authority are judgmental and angry.

Or other people can suddenly turn around and viciously attack you, or people only respect money and status,

or nice people aren't very competent or worthy of respect, or people can't be relied upon to help when you need them,

or people might be laughing or silently ridiculing.

The list might, to an extent that surprises us, be extremely negative.

The next question should be, why are we thinking this way?

Why do we make these sorts of generalisations?

Common sense tells us, because this is what reality is actually like.

But a more psychotherapeutic line answers back, only because this is what our childhood was like,

and this is what has unconsciously influenced and, if you like, poisoned, our assessment of all strangers in the present.

In order to honour the true complexity as well as hopefulness of the world as it is now,

we should then ask what specific individuals from our past might be held responsible for inspiring our range of particular

and particularly dark assumptions about people.

To every generalisation, on our sheet of paper, we should, with a different coloured pen,

write down a particular name who might have inspired an especially caustic assessment of humanity.

If we've had a certain sort of childhood, we should in time be able to arrive at definite sets of names and memories.

Once we start to explore, we'll be able to see that a statement like, older men in authority are judgmental and angry,

really relates to a very particular man in a very particular situation.

While the unhelpful idea

that no one can be relied upon might be the sediment of an earlier situation in

which specific people didn't help us when we badly needed them to have done so.

There are few things harder to see than our own biases, but we can, with the help of exercises,

learn to free ourselves from some of their more vicious, though invisible, tentacles.

Other people can often be extremely difficult – of that there is no doubt.

But, to an extent that may well surprise us, it isn't really people in general who are the problem.

It's almost certainly people in particular who troubled us a long time ago

and who we've taken great care to forget all about.

We may develop a lot more faith in humanity once we can be more forensic

and sad about a few key figures in the past, once we learn to unpick our projections.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這段影片共有 50 個句子、724 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 4:33。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 159 個詞，接近日常對話。 83% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
projection 名詞	/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/	凸出物
assessment 名詞	/əˈsɛsmənt/	評價 /評價, 評估 /評估
assumption 名詞	/əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/	假設 /假設
extent 名詞	/ɪkˈstɛnt/	範圍 /範圍
sheet 名詞	/ʃit/	篇, 張 /張
arrive 動詞	/əˈɹaɪv/	到達 /到達, 到
humanity 名詞	/hjuˈmænɪti/	人類 /人類
rely 動詞	/ɹɪˈlaɪ/	依賴 /依賴, 依靠
bias 名詞	/ˈbaɪ.əs/	偏見 /偏見
inspire 動詞	/ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/	授意, 鼓舞
innocent 形容詞	/ˈɪnəsənt/	無猜 /無猜
mood 名詞	/muːd/	心情, 情緒 /情緒
reflect 動詞	/ɹɪˈflɛkt/	反映, 反射
difficulty 名詞	/ˈdɪfɪkəlti/	困難 /困難
painful 形容詞	/ˈpeɪn.fl̩/	痛苦的, 疼痛的

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
turn around 動詞		轉身 /轉身
work out 動詞	/ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/	計算 /計算, 算出
write down 動詞		寫下來 /寫下來, 寫下 /寫下

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 9 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 can't, we've, aren't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, psychotherapy /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛɹəpi/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, sheet /ʃit/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 projection, assessment, assumption 這類單詞。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	are filled · is warranted · can't be relied
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	we've had · we've taken

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: What Do I Project onto Other People? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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