シャドーイング練習: What Do I Project onto Other People? - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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50 文
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One of the most continuously fascinating ideas in psychotherapy is the concept of projection.
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What this means, simply put, is that all of us have a storehouse of assumptions about what other people are like and how they will behave,
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which owes very little to actual people who we meet today
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and has a lot more to do with complications in our childhoods which we have generally forgotten all about.
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Furthermore, these projections tend to be distinctly and unfruitfully negative.
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We think worse of people than we should.
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We are quicker to be afraid, to be angry and to be uncooperative than we need to be
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because our imaginations are filled with dark experiences which reflect our painful origins and yet fail to do justice to a broader,
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more innocent and more hopeful present.
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As a result, our projections gum up our relationships with the world around us.
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We arrive in the presence of other people with a great deal more aggression, suspicion, fear or doubt than is warranted in the here and now.
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The theory of projections sounds simple and plausible enough.
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The difficulty is that it's extremely hard to work out what it is that we are actually projecting.
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We are far too much inside ourselves to see our own biases.
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We can't tell how we're distorting our assessments of other people.
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There's no gap between our judgements and our reason.
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Yet we stand to make a little bit of progress through a simple exercise
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which involves a a little bit of reflection on our most characteristic assumptions of other people, taken as a whole.
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In a quiet, reflexive mood, we should title a blank sheet of paper, What I Expect Other People Will Be Like.
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And then we should see what comes up for us.
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A list might look like this.
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Older men in authority are judgmental and angry.
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Or other people can suddenly turn around and viciously attack you, or people only respect money and status,
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or nice people aren't very competent or worthy of respect, or people can't be relied upon to help when you need them,
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or people might be laughing or silently ridiculing.
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The list might, to an extent that surprises us, be extremely negative.
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The next question should be, why are we thinking this way?
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Why do we make these sorts of generalisations?
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Common sense tells us, because this is what reality is actually like.
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But a more psychotherapeutic line answers back, only because this is what our childhood was like,
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and this is what has unconsciously influenced and, if you like, poisoned, our assessment of all strangers in the present.
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In order to honour the true complexity as well as hopefulness of the world as it is now,
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we should then ask what specific individuals from our past might be held responsible for inspiring our range of particular
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and particularly dark assumptions about people.
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To every generalisation, on our sheet of paper, we should, with a different coloured pen,
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write down a particular name who might have inspired an especially caustic assessment of humanity.
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If we've had a certain sort of childhood, we should in time be able to arrive at definite sets of names and memories.
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Once we start to explore, we'll be able to see that a statement like, older men in authority are judgmental and angry,
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really relates to a very particular man in a very particular situation.
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While the unhelpful idea
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that no one can be relied upon might be the sediment of an earlier situation in
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which specific people didn't help us when we badly needed them to have done so.
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There are few things harder to see than our own biases, but we can, with the help of exercises,
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learn to free ourselves from some of their more vicious, though invisible, tentacles.
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Other people can often be extremely difficult – of that there is no doubt.
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But, to an extent that may well surprise us, it isn't really people in general who are the problem.
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It's almost certainly people in particular who troubled us a long time ago
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and who we've taken great care to forget all about.
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We may develop a lot more faith in humanity once we can be more forensic
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and sad about a few key figures in the past, once we learn to unpick our projections.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が50文、単語が724語あります。 音声の長さは4:33です。 話す速さは1分あたり約159語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 単語の83%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| projection 名詞 | /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/ | 突起 |
| assessment 名詞 | /əˈsɛsmənt/ | 評価 |
| extent 名詞 | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | 程度 |
| sheet 名詞 | /ʃit/ | 枚, シート |
| arrive 動詞 | /əˈɹaɪv/ | 着く, 到着する |
| humanity 名詞 | /hjuˈmænɪti/ | 人類 |
| rely 動詞 | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | 頼る, あてにする |
| bias 名詞 | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | 偏り, 傾斜 |
| innocent 形容詞 | /ˈɪnəsənt/ | 無邪気な |
| badly 副詞 | /ˈbæd.li/ | 悪く |
| mood 名詞 | /muːd/ | 気分, 気持ち |
| reflect 動詞 | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | 跳ね返す, 反射する |
| difficulty 名詞 | /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ | 難しさ |
| painful 形容詞 | /ˈpeɪn.fl̩/ | 痛い, 痛みの伴う |
| explore 動詞 | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | 探検する |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| turn around 動詞 | 振り向く |
| write down 動詞 | 書き留める, 記す |
注意したい発音
話し手はcan't, we've, aren'tなど、短縮形や弱形を9回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, psychotherapy /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛɹəpi/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, sheet /ʃit/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。projection, assessment, extentなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | are filled · is warranted · can't be relied |
| 現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している | we've had · we've taken |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。