Shadowing Practice: What Do I Project onto Other People? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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One of the most continuously fascinating ideas in psychotherapy is the concept of projection.
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What this means, simply put, is that all of us have a storehouse of assumptions about what other people are like and how they will behave,
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which owes very little to actual people who we meet today
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and has a lot more to do with complications in our childhoods which we have generally forgotten all about.
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Furthermore, these projections tend to be distinctly and unfruitfully negative.
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We think worse of people than we should.
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We are quicker to be afraid, to be angry and to be uncooperative than we need to be
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because our imaginations are filled with dark experiences which reflect our painful origins and yet fail to do justice to a broader,
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more innocent and more hopeful present.
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As a result, our projections gum up our relationships with the world around us.
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We arrive in the presence of other people with a great deal more aggression, suspicion, fear or doubt than is warranted in the here and now.
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The theory of projections sounds simple and plausible enough.
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The difficulty is that it's extremely hard to work out what it is that we are actually projecting.
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We are far too much inside ourselves to see our own biases.
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We can't tell how we're distorting our assessments of other people.
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There's no gap between our judgements and our reason.
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Yet we stand to make a little bit of progress through a simple exercise
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which involves a a little bit of reflection on our most characteristic assumptions of other people, taken as a whole.
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In a quiet, reflexive mood, we should title a blank sheet of paper, What I Expect Other People Will Be Like.
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And then we should see what comes up for us.
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A list might look like this.
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Older men in authority are judgmental and angry.
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Or other people can suddenly turn around and viciously attack you, or people only respect money and status,
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or nice people aren't very competent or worthy of respect, or people can't be relied upon to help when you need them,
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or people might be laughing or silently ridiculing.
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The list might, to an extent that surprises us, be extremely negative.
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The next question should be, why are we thinking this way?
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Why do we make these sorts of generalisations?
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Common sense tells us, because this is what reality is actually like.
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But a more psychotherapeutic line answers back, only because this is what our childhood was like,
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and this is what has unconsciously influenced and, if you like, poisoned, our assessment of all strangers in the present.
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In order to honour the true complexity as well as hopefulness of the world as it is now,
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we should then ask what specific individuals from our past might be held responsible for inspiring our range of particular
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and particularly dark assumptions about people.
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To every generalisation, on our sheet of paper, we should, with a different coloured pen,
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write down a particular name who might have inspired an especially caustic assessment of humanity.
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If we've had a certain sort of childhood, we should in time be able to arrive at definite sets of names and memories.
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Once we start to explore, we'll be able to see that a statement like, older men in authority are judgmental and angry,
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really relates to a very particular man in a very particular situation.
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While the unhelpful idea
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that no one can be relied upon might be the sediment of an earlier situation in
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which specific people didn't help us when we badly needed them to have done so.
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There are few things harder to see than our own biases, but we can, with the help of exercises,
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learn to free ourselves from some of their more vicious, though invisible, tentacles.
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Other people can often be extremely difficult – of that there is no doubt.
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But, to an extent that may well surprise us, it isn't really people in general who are the problem.
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It's almost certainly people in particular who troubled us a long time ago
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and who we've taken great care to forget all about.
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We may develop a lot more faith in humanity once we can be more forensic
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and sad about a few key figures in the past, once we learn to unpick our projections.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze video bevat 50 zinnen en 724 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 4:33. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 159 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 83% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| assessment zelfstandig naamwoord | /əˈsɛsmənt/ | schatting, inschatting |
| assumption zelfstandig naamwoord | /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/ | op zich nemen |
| extent zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | bereik, mate |
| sheet zelfstandig naamwoord | /ʃit/ | blad |
| arrive werkwoord | /əˈɹaɪv/ | aankomen, arriveren |
| humanity zelfstandig naamwoord | /hjuˈmænɪti/ | mensheid, mensdom |
| rely werkwoord | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | rekenen op |
| bias zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | neiging, vooroordeel |
| inspire werkwoord | /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/ | inspireren |
| innocent bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈɪnəsənt/ | onnozel, onschuldig |
| badly bijwoord | /ˈbæd.li/ | slecht |
| mood zelfstandig naamwoord | /muːd/ | humeur, stemming |
| reflect werkwoord | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | weerkaatsen |
| difficulty zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ | moeilijkheid |
| painful bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈpeɪn.fl̩/ | moeizaam, smartelijk |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| turn around werkwoord | omdraaien | |
| work out werkwoord | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | uitrekenen |
| write down werkwoord | opschrijven, neerschrijven |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 9 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals can't, we've, aren't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De “th”-klanken: worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, psychotherapy /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛɹəpi/
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, sheet /ʃit/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als assessment, assumption, extent.
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | are filled · is warranted · can't be relied |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | we've had · we've taken |
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.