跟读练习: What Do I Project onto Other People? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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One of the most continuously fascinating ideas in psychotherapy is the concept of projection.

What this means, simply put, is that all of us have a storehouse of assumptions about what other people are like and how they will behave,

which owes very little to actual people who we meet today

and has a lot more to do with complications in our childhoods which we have generally forgotten all about.

Furthermore, these projections tend to be distinctly and unfruitfully negative.

We think worse of people than we should.

We are quicker to be afraid, to be angry and to be uncooperative than we need to be

because our imaginations are filled with dark experiences which reflect our painful origins and yet fail to do justice to a broader,

more innocent and more hopeful present.

As a result, our projections gum up our relationships with the world around us.

We arrive in the presence of other people with a great deal more aggression, suspicion, fear or doubt than is warranted in the here and now.

The theory of projections sounds simple and plausible enough.

The difficulty is that it's extremely hard to work out what it is that we are actually projecting.

We are far too much inside ourselves to see our own biases.

We can't tell how we're distorting our assessments of other people.

There's no gap between our judgements and our reason.

Yet we stand to make a little bit of progress through a simple exercise

which involves a a little bit of reflection on our most characteristic assumptions of other people, taken as a whole.

In a quiet, reflexive mood, we should title a blank sheet of paper, What I Expect Other People Will Be Like.

And then we should see what comes up for us.

A list might look like this.

Older men in authority are judgmental and angry.

Or other people can suddenly turn around and viciously attack you, or people only respect money and status,

or nice people aren't very competent or worthy of respect, or people can't be relied upon to help when you need them,

or people might be laughing or silently ridiculing.

The list might, to an extent that surprises us, be extremely negative.

The next question should be, why are we thinking this way?

Why do we make these sorts of generalisations?

Common sense tells us, because this is what reality is actually like.

But a more psychotherapeutic line answers back, only because this is what our childhood was like,

and this is what has unconsciously influenced and, if you like, poisoned, our assessment of all strangers in the present.

In order to honour the true complexity as well as hopefulness of the world as it is now,

we should then ask what specific individuals from our past might be held responsible for inspiring our range of particular

and particularly dark assumptions about people.

To every generalisation, on our sheet of paper, we should, with a different coloured pen,

write down a particular name who might have inspired an especially caustic assessment of humanity.

If we've had a certain sort of childhood, we should in time be able to arrive at definite sets of names and memories.

Once we start to explore, we'll be able to see that a statement like, older men in authority are judgmental and angry,

really relates to a very particular man in a very particular situation.

While the unhelpful idea

that no one can be relied upon might be the sediment of an earlier situation in

which specific people didn't help us when we badly needed them to have done so.

There are few things harder to see than our own biases, but we can, with the help of exercises,

learn to free ourselves from some of their more vicious, though invisible, tentacles.

Other people can often be extremely difficult – of that there is no doubt.

But, to an extent that may well surprise us, it isn't really people in general who are the problem.

It's almost certainly people in particular who troubled us a long time ago

and who we've taken great care to forget all about.

We may develop a lot more faith in humanity once we can be more forensic

and sad about a few key figures in the past, once we learn to unpick our projections.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这段视频共有 50 个句子、724 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 4:33。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 159 个词，接近日常对话。 83% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
projection 名词	/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/	凸出物
assessment 名词	/əˈsɛsmənt/	評價 /评价, 評估 /评估
assumption 名词	/əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/	假設 /假设
extent 名词	/ɪkˈstɛnt/	範圍 /范围
sheet 名词	/ʃit/	篇, 張 /张
arrive 动词	/əˈɹaɪv/	到達 /到达, 到
humanity 名词	/hjuˈmænɪti/	人類 /人类
rely 动词	/ɹɪˈlaɪ/	依賴 /依赖, 依靠
bias 名词	/ˈbaɪ.əs/	偏見 /偏见
inspire 动词	/ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/	授意, 鼓舞
innocent 形容词	/ˈɪnəsənt/	無猜 /无猜
mood 名词	/muːd/	心情, 情緒 /情绪
reflect 动词	/ɹɪˈflɛkt/	反映, 反射
difficulty 名词	/ˈdɪfɪkəlti/	困難 /困难
painful 形容词	/ˈpeɪn.fl̩/	痛苦的, 疼痛的

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	发音	释义
turn around 动词		轉身 /转身
work out 动词	/ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/	計算 /计算, 算出
write down 动词		寫下來 /写下来, 寫下 /写下

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 9 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 can't, we've, aren't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“th” 音: worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, psychotherapy /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛɹəpi/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, sheet /ʃit/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/
长单词——注意重音位置: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 projection, assessment, assumption 这类单词。

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	are filled · is warranted · can't be relied
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	we've had · we've taken

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: What Do I Project onto Other People? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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