تدريب Shadowing: What Do I Project onto Other People? - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو
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One of the most continuously fascinating ideas in psychotherapy is the concept of projection.
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What this means, simply put, is that all of us have a storehouse of assumptions about what other people are like and how they will behave,
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which owes very little to actual people who we meet today
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and has a lot more to do with complications in our childhoods which we have generally forgotten all about.
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Furthermore, these projections tend to be distinctly and unfruitfully negative.
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We think worse of people than we should.
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We are quicker to be afraid, to be angry and to be uncooperative than we need to be
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because our imaginations are filled with dark experiences which reflect our painful origins and yet fail to do justice to a broader,
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more innocent and more hopeful present.
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As a result, our projections gum up our relationships with the world around us.
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We arrive in the presence of other people with a great deal more aggression, suspicion, fear or doubt than is warranted in the here and now.
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The theory of projections sounds simple and plausible enough.
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The difficulty is that it's extremely hard to work out what it is that we are actually projecting.
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We are far too much inside ourselves to see our own biases.
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We can't tell how we're distorting our assessments of other people.
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There's no gap between our judgements and our reason.
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Yet we stand to make a little bit of progress through a simple exercise
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which involves a a little bit of reflection on our most characteristic assumptions of other people, taken as a whole.
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In a quiet, reflexive mood, we should title a blank sheet of paper, What I Expect Other People Will Be Like.
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And then we should see what comes up for us.
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A list might look like this.
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Older men in authority are judgmental and angry.
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Or other people can suddenly turn around and viciously attack you, or people only respect money and status,
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or nice people aren't very competent or worthy of respect, or people can't be relied upon to help when you need them,
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or people might be laughing or silently ridiculing.
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The list might, to an extent that surprises us, be extremely negative.
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The next question should be, why are we thinking this way?
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Why do we make these sorts of generalisations?
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Common sense tells us, because this is what reality is actually like.
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But a more psychotherapeutic line answers back, only because this is what our childhood was like,
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and this is what has unconsciously influenced and, if you like, poisoned, our assessment of all strangers in the present.
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In order to honour the true complexity as well as hopefulness of the world as it is now,
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we should then ask what specific individuals from our past might be held responsible for inspiring our range of particular
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and particularly dark assumptions about people.
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To every generalisation, on our sheet of paper, we should, with a different coloured pen,
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write down a particular name who might have inspired an especially caustic assessment of humanity.
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If we've had a certain sort of childhood, we should in time be able to arrive at definite sets of names and memories.
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Once we start to explore, we'll be able to see that a statement like, older men in authority are judgmental and angry,
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really relates to a very particular man in a very particular situation.
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While the unhelpful idea
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that no one can be relied upon might be the sediment of an earlier situation in
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which specific people didn't help us when we badly needed them to have done so.
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There are few things harder to see than our own biases, but we can, with the help of exercises,
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learn to free ourselves from some of their more vicious, though invisible, tentacles.
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Other people can often be extremely difficult – of that there is no doubt.
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But, to an extent that may well surprise us, it isn't really people in general who are the problem.
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It's almost certainly people in particular who troubled us a long time ago
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and who we've taken great care to forget all about.
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We may develop a lot more faith in humanity once we can be more forensic
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and sad about a few key figures in the past, once we learn to unpick our projections.
تنزيل التطبيق
كل ما تحتاجه للتحدث بطلاقة
تقييم النطق بالذكاء الاصطناعيتقييم كل جملة
تدريب IPAأتقن كل صوت
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس
يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 50 جملة و724 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 4:33. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة طبيعية، نحو 159 كلمة في الدقيقة، قريبة من المحادثة اليومية. 83% من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، ويُستحسن مراجعة الباقي قبل البدء.
أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو
15 كلمة من الفيديو تستحق التعلّم، مع النطق والمعنى:
| الكلمة | النطق | المعنى |
|---|---|---|
| assessment اسم | /əˈsɛsmənt/ | تَقْيِيم |
| extent اسم | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | اِتِّسَاع, مَدَّى |
| sheet اسم | /ʃit/ | وَرَقَة, وَرَق |
| arrive فعل | /əˈɹaɪv/ | وَصَلَ |
| humanity اسم | /hjuˈmænɪti/ | بَشَرِيَّة, إِنْسَانِيَّة |
| rely فعل | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | اِعْتَمَدَ |
| bias اسم | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | تَحَيُّز |
| innocent صفة | /ˈɪnəsənt/ | بَرِيء, بَرِيئَة |
| mood اسم | /muːd/ | مَزَاج |
| reflect فعل | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | عَكَسَ |
| difficulty اسم | /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ | صُعُوبَة |
| painful صفة | /ˈpeɪn.fl̩/ | أَلِيم, مُؤْلِم |
| explore فعل | /ɪkˈsploɹ/ | اِسْتَكْشَفَ |
| stranger اسم | /ˈstɹeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | غَرِيب, غَرِيبَة |
| furthermore ظرف | /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/ | عِلَاوَة عَلَى ذٰلِكَ, أَضِف إِلَى ذٰلِك |
الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها
| الكلمة | المعنى |
|---|---|
| turn around فعل | اِلْتَفَتَ, اِسْتَدَارَ |
نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه
يستخدم المتحدث 9 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل can't, we've, aren't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.
- أصوات “th”: worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, psychotherapy /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛɹəpi/
- أصوات “sh” و“zh”: projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, sheet /ʃit/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/
- الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو
- استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
- ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
- سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل assessment, extent, sheet.
القواعد في هذا الفيديو
أكثر التراكيب التي يستخدمها المتحدث، مع العبارات نفسها من الفيديو:
| التركيب | في الفيديو |
|---|---|
| المبني للمجهول be + اسم المفعول — التركيز على ما يحدث لا على من يفعله | are filled · is warranted · can't be relied |
| المضارع التام have/has + اسم المفعول — حدث ماضٍ ما زال له أثر الآن | we've had · we've taken |
ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟
التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.