Pratique du Shadowing: What Do I Project onto Other People? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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50 phrases
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One of the most continuously fascinating ideas in psychotherapy is the concept of projection.
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What this means, simply put, is that all of us have a storehouse of assumptions about what other people are like and how they will behave,
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which owes very little to actual people who we meet today
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and has a lot more to do with complications in our childhoods which we have generally forgotten all about.
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Furthermore, these projections tend to be distinctly and unfruitfully negative.
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We think worse of people than we should.
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We are quicker to be afraid, to be angry and to be uncooperative than we need to be
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because our imaginations are filled with dark experiences which reflect our painful origins and yet fail to do justice to a broader,
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more innocent and more hopeful present.
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As a result, our projections gum up our relationships with the world around us.
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We arrive in the presence of other people with a great deal more aggression, suspicion, fear or doubt than is warranted in the here and now.
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The theory of projections sounds simple and plausible enough.
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The difficulty is that it's extremely hard to work out what it is that we are actually projecting.
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We are far too much inside ourselves to see our own biases.
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We can't tell how we're distorting our assessments of other people.
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There's no gap between our judgements and our reason.
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Yet we stand to make a little bit of progress through a simple exercise
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which involves a a little bit of reflection on our most characteristic assumptions of other people, taken as a whole.
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In a quiet, reflexive mood, we should title a blank sheet of paper, What I Expect Other People Will Be Like.
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And then we should see what comes up for us.
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A list might look like this.
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Older men in authority are judgmental and angry.
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Or other people can suddenly turn around and viciously attack you, or people only respect money and status,
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or nice people aren't very competent or worthy of respect, or people can't be relied upon to help when you need them,
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or people might be laughing or silently ridiculing.
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The list might, to an extent that surprises us, be extremely negative.
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The next question should be, why are we thinking this way?
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Why do we make these sorts of generalisations?
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Common sense tells us, because this is what reality is actually like.
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But a more psychotherapeutic line answers back, only because this is what our childhood was like,
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and this is what has unconsciously influenced and, if you like, poisoned, our assessment of all strangers in the present.
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In order to honour the true complexity as well as hopefulness of the world as it is now,
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we should then ask what specific individuals from our past might be held responsible for inspiring our range of particular
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and particularly dark assumptions about people.
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To every generalisation, on our sheet of paper, we should, with a different coloured pen,
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write down a particular name who might have inspired an especially caustic assessment of humanity.
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If we've had a certain sort of childhood, we should in time be able to arrive at definite sets of names and memories.
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Once we start to explore, we'll be able to see that a statement like, older men in authority are judgmental and angry,
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really relates to a very particular man in a very particular situation.
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While the unhelpful idea
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that no one can be relied upon might be the sediment of an earlier situation in
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which specific people didn't help us when we badly needed them to have done so.
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There are few things harder to see than our own biases, but we can, with the help of exercises,
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learn to free ourselves from some of their more vicious, though invisible, tentacles.
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Other people can often be extremely difficult – of that there is no doubt.
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But, to an extent that may well surprise us, it isn't really people in general who are the problem.
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It's almost certainly people in particular who troubled us a long time ago
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and who we've taken great care to forget all about.
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We may develop a lot more faith in humanity once we can be more forensic
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and sad about a few key figures in the past, once we learn to unpick our projections.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 50 phrases et 724 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:33. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 159 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 83 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| projection nom | /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/ | saillie |
| assessment nom | /əˈsɛsmənt/ | évaluation |
| assumption nom | /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/ | assomption |
| extent nom | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | mesure |
| sheet nom | /ʃit/ | feuille |
| arrive verbe | /əˈɹaɪv/ | arriver |
| humanity nom | /hjuˈmænɪti/ | humanité |
| rely verbe | /ɹɪˈlaɪ/ | compter sur |
| bias nom | /ˈbaɪ.əs/ | préjugé, parti-pris |
| inspire verbe | /ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/ | inspirer |
| innocent adjectif | /ˈɪnəsənt/ | innocent |
| badly adverbe | /ˈbæd.li/ | mal, mauvaisement |
| mood nom | /muːd/ | humeur, mauvaise humeur |
| reflect verbe | /ɹɪˈflɛkt/ | refléter, réfléchir |
| difficulty nom | /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ | difficulté |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| turn around verbe | retourner | |
| work out verbe | /ˌwɝk ˈaʊt/ | calculer |
| write down verbe | noter, écrire |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 9 contractions et formes réduites, comme can't, we've, aren't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: worthy /ˈwɝ.ði/, furthermore /ˈfɜː(ɹ).ðə(ɹ)ˌmɔː(ɹ)/, psychotherapy /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛɹəpi/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, sheet /ʃit/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: humanity /hjuˈmænɪti/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, imagination /ɪˌmæd͡ʒəˈneɪʃən/, invisible /ɪnˈvɪzəb(ə)l/, complexity /kəmˈplɛk.sɪ.ti/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme projection, assessment, assumption.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are filled · is warranted · can't be relied |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | we've had · we've taken |
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.