跟讀練習: PHILOSOPHY - Plato - 通過影片學習英語口語

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The New Testament The New Testament The New Testament The New Testament Athens, 2400 years ago.

It's a compact place.

Only about a quarter of a million people live here.

There are fine baths, theatres, temples, shopping arcades and gymnasiums.

It's warm for more than half the year.

This is also home to the world's first true and probably greatest philosopher, Plato.

Born into a prominent and wealthy family in the city,

Plato devoted his life to one goal helping people to reach a state of what he termed eudaimonia or fulfillment.

Plato is often confused with Socrates.

Socrates was an older friend who taught Plato a lot, but didn't write any books.

Plato wrote lots of them, 36, all dialogues, beautifully crafted scripts of imaginary discussions in which Socrates is always allotted a starring role.

among them the Republic, the Symposium, the Laws, the Mino and the Apology.

Plato had four big ideas for making life more fulfilled.

First big idea, think more.

We rarely give ourselves time to think carefully and logically about our lives and how to lead them.

Sometimes we just go along with what the Greeks called doxa or popular opinions.

In the 36 books he wrote, Plato showed this common sense to be riddled with errors, prejudice and superstition fame is great,

follow your heart, money is the key to a good life.

The problem is, popular opinions edge us towards the wrong values, careers and relationships.

Plato's answer is, know yourself.

It means doing a special kind of therapy, philosophy, subjecting your ideas to examination rather than acting on impulse.

If you strengthen your self-knowledge, you don't get so pulled around by feelings.

Plato compared the role of our feelings to being dragged dangerously along by a group of wild horses.

In honour of his mentor and friend Socrates, this kind of examination is is called a Socratic discussion.

You can have it with yourself

or ideally with another person who isn't trying to catch you out but wants to help you clarify your own ideas.

Second big idea, let your lover change you.

That sounds weird if you think that love means finding someone who wants you just the way you are.

In a symposium, Plato's play about a dinner party where a group of friends drink too much and get talking about love,

sex and relationships, Plato says, true love is admiration.

In other words, the person you need to get together with should have very good qualities, which you yourself lack.

Let's say they should be really brave or organised or warm and sincere.

By getting close to this person, you can become a little like they are.

The right person for us helps us grow to our full potential.

For Plato, Also in a good relationship, a couple shouldn't love each other exactly as they are right now.

They should be committed to educating each other and to enduring the stormy passages this inevitably involves.

Each person should want to seduce the other into becoming a better version of themselves.

3. Decode the message of beauty Everyone pretty much likes beautiful things, but Plato was the first to ask why do we like them?

He found a fascinating reason.

Beautiful objects are whispering important truths to us about the good life.

We find things beautiful when we unconsciously sense in them qualities we need but are missing in our lives.

Gentleness, harmony, balance, peace, strength.

Beautiful objects therefore have a really important function.

They help to educate our souls.

Ugliness is a serious matter too.

It parades dangerous and damaged characteristics in front of us.

It makes it harder to be wise, kind and calm.

Plato sees art as therapeutic.

It's the duty of poets and painters and nowadays novelists, TV producers and designers to help us to live good lives.

4. Reform society.

Plato spent a lot of time thinking how the government and society should ideally be.

He was the world's first utopian thinker.

In this, he was inspired by Athens' great rival Sparta.

This was a city-sized machine for turning out great soldiers.

Everything the Spartans did, how they raised their children, how their economy was organised, whom they admired, how they had sex, what they ate, was tailored to that one goal.

And Sparta was hugely successful from a military point of view.

But that wasn't Plato's concern.

He wanted to know how could a society get better at producing not military power but fulfilled people.

In his book The Republic, Plato identifies a number of changes that should be made.

Athenian society was very focused on the rich, like the lush aristocrat Alcibiades, and sports celebrities like the boxer Milo of Croton.

Plato wasn't impressed.

It really matters who we admire, because celebrities influence our outlook,

ideas and conduct, and bad heroes give glamour to flaws of character.

Plato therefore wanted to give Athens new celebrities, Replacing the current crop with ideally wise and good people he called guardians,

models for everyone's good development.

These people would be distinguished by their record of public service, their modesty and simple habits, their dislike of the limelight, and their wide and deep experience.

They would be the most honoured and admired people in society.

He also wanted to end democracy in Athens.

He wasn't crazy.

He just observed how few people think properly before they vote, and therefore we get very substandard rulers.

He didn't want to replace democracy with a horrid dictatorship, but he wanted to prevent people from voting until they'd started to think rationally.

That is, until they'd become philosophers.

Otherwise, government would just be a kind of mob rule.

To help the process, Plato started a school, the Academy, in Athens, which lasted a good 300 years.

There, pupils learned not just maths and spelling but also how to be good and kind.

His ultimate goal was that politicians should become philosophers.

The world will not be right, he said, until kings become philosophers or philosophers kings.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“PHILOSOPHY - Plato”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：Plato, philosopher, Athens, society, Socrates。這段影片共有 77 個句子、1001 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 6:18。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 159 個詞，接近日常對話。只有 78% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
philosopher 名詞	/fəˈlɑsəfɚ/	哲學家 /哲學家
admire 動詞	/ədˈmaɪɹ/	佩服, 欣賞 /欣賞
symposium 名詞	/sɪmˈpəʊziəm/	討論會 /討論會, 座談會 /座談會
fulfill 動詞	/fʊlˈfɪl/	履行
aristocrat 名詞	/əˈɹɪstəˌkɹæt/	貴族 /貴族
dangerously 副詞		危險地 /危險地
decode 動詞	/dɪˈkəʊd/	解碼 /解碼
fascinate 動詞	/ˈfæsɪneɪt/	誘惑 /誘惑, 迷住
gymnasium 名詞	/d͡ʒɪmˈneɪ.zi.əm/	健身房
limelight 名詞	/ˈlaɪm.laɪt/	聚光燈 /聚光燈
modesty 名詞	/ˈmɒd.ə.sti/	謙虛 /謙虛
riddle 名詞	/ˈɹɪdəl/	謎語 /謎語, 謎題 /謎題
seduce 動詞	/sɪˈd(j)uːs/	誘騙 /誘騙
thinker 名詞	/ˈθɪŋ.kɚ/	思想者
utopian 形容詞	/juˈtoʊ.pi.ən/	烏托邦的 /烏托邦的, 空想的

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
turn out 動詞	原來 /原來

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is always allotted · be riddled · being dragged
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	friend who taught · person who isn · someone who wants

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 10 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 wasn't, didn't, they'd。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: thinker /ˈθɪŋ.kɚ/, therapeutic /ˌθɛɹ.əˈpjuː.tɪk/, strengthen /ˈstɹɛŋ(k)θən/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: unconsciously /ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəsli/, admiration /ˌæd.məˈɹeɪ.ʃən/, dictatorship /ˈdɪkteɪtəɹʃɪp/, distinguish /dɪˈstɪŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
長單詞——注意重音位置: philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, aristocrat /əˈɹɪstəˌkɹæt/, gymnasium /d͡ʒɪmˈneɪ.zi.əm/, unconsciously /ˌʌnˈkɑnʃəsli/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 philosopher, admire, symposium 這類單詞。

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跟讀練習: PHILOSOPHY - Plato - 通過影片學習英語口語

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