쉐도잉 연습: PHILOSOPHY - Plato - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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The New Testament The New Testament The New Testament The New Testament Athens, 2400 years ago.
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It's a compact place.
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Only about a quarter of a million people live here.
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There are fine baths, theatres, temples, shopping arcades and gymnasiums.
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It's warm for more than half the year.
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This is also home to the world's first true and probably greatest philosopher, Plato.
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Born into a prominent and wealthy family in the city,
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Plato devoted his life to one goal helping people to reach a state of what he termed eudaimonia or fulfillment.
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Plato is often confused with Socrates.
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Socrates was an older friend who taught Plato a lot, but didn't write any books.
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Plato wrote lots of them, 36, all dialogues, beautifully crafted scripts of imaginary discussions in which Socrates is always allotted a starring role.
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among them the Republic, the Symposium, the Laws, the Mino and the Apology.
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Plato had four big ideas for making life more fulfilled.
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First big idea, think more.
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We rarely give ourselves time to think carefully and logically about our lives and how to lead them.
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Sometimes we just go along with what the Greeks called doxa or popular opinions.
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In the 36 books he wrote, Plato showed this common sense to be riddled with errors, prejudice and superstition fame is great,
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follow your heart, money is the key to a good life.
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The problem is, popular opinions edge us towards the wrong values, careers and relationships.
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Plato's answer is, know yourself.
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It means doing a special kind of therapy, philosophy, subjecting your ideas to examination rather than acting on impulse.
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If you strengthen your self-knowledge, you don't get so pulled around by feelings.
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Plato compared the role of our feelings to being dragged dangerously along by a group of wild horses.
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In honour of his mentor and friend Socrates, this kind of examination is is called a Socratic discussion.
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You can have it with yourself
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or ideally with another person who isn't trying to catch you out but wants to help you clarify your own ideas.
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Second big idea, let your lover change you.
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That sounds weird if you think that love means finding someone who wants you just the way you are.
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In a symposium, Plato's play about a dinner party where a group of friends drink too much and get talking about love,
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sex and relationships, Plato says, true love is admiration.
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In other words, the person you need to get together with should have very good qualities, which you yourself lack.
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Let's say they should be really brave or organised or warm and sincere.
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By getting close to this person, you can become a little like they are.
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The right person for us helps us grow to our full potential.
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For Plato, Also in a good relationship, a couple shouldn't love each other exactly as they are right now.
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They should be committed to educating each other and to enduring the stormy passages this inevitably involves.
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Each person should want to seduce the other into becoming a better version of themselves.
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3. Decode the message of beauty Everyone pretty much likes beautiful things, but Plato was the first to ask why do we like them?
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He found a fascinating reason.
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Beautiful objects are whispering important truths to us about the good life.
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We find things beautiful when we unconsciously sense in them qualities we need but are missing in our lives.
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Gentleness, harmony, balance, peace, strength.
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Beautiful objects therefore have a really important function.
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They help to educate our souls.
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Ugliness is a serious matter too.
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It parades dangerous and damaged characteristics in front of us.
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It makes it harder to be wise, kind and calm.
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Plato sees art as therapeutic.
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It's the duty of poets and painters and nowadays novelists, TV producers and designers to help us to live good lives.
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4. Reform society.
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Plato spent a lot of time thinking how the government and society should ideally be.
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He was the world's first utopian thinker.
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In this, he was inspired by Athens' great rival Sparta.
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This was a city-sized machine for turning out great soldiers.
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Everything the Spartans did, how they raised their children, how their economy was organised, whom they admired, how they had sex, what they ate, was tailored to that one goal.
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And Sparta was hugely successful from a military point of view.
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But that wasn't Plato's concern.
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He wanted to know how could a society get better at producing not military power but fulfilled people.
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In his book The Republic, Plato identifies a number of changes that should be made.
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Athenian society was very focused on the rich, like the lush aristocrat Alcibiades, and sports celebrities like the boxer Milo of Croton.
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Plato wasn't impressed.
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It really matters who we admire, because celebrities influence our outlook,
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ideas and conduct, and bad heroes give glamour to flaws of character.
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Plato therefore wanted to give Athens new celebrities, Replacing the current crop with ideally wise and good people he called guardians,
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models for everyone's good development.
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These people would be distinguished by their record of public service, their modesty and simple habits, their dislike of the limelight, and their wide and deep experience.
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They would be the most honoured and admired people in society.
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He also wanted to end democracy in Athens.
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He wasn't crazy.
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He just observed how few people think properly before they vote, and therefore we get very substandard rulers.
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He didn't want to replace democracy with a horrid dictatorship, but he wanted to prevent people from voting until they'd started to think rationally.
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That is, until they'd become philosophers.
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Otherwise, government would just be a kind of mob rule.
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To help the process, Plato started a school, the Academy, in Athens, which lasted a good 300 years.
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There, pupils learned not just maths and spelling but also how to be good and kind.
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His ultimate goal was that politicians should become philosophers.
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The world will not be right, he said, until kings become philosophers or philosophers kings.
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