쉐도잉 연습: This 1 Book Has Produced More Geniuses Than Any University in History - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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The most effective thinking curriculum in the history of Western civilization is not taught in any MBA program, any law school, or any leadership course.

Instead, it's a book written 2 ,300 years ago called Euclid's Elements,

and it has more documented cases of reshaping how great minds think than Oxford and Cambridge combined.

Over my more than 13 years as a peer -reviewed scholar and educator,

I've come to believe that Euclid's Elements is the single most under -leveraged intellectual resource available to anyone alive today.

And in this video, I'm going to showcase four great thinkers who read this book, the concrete impact it had on them,

and show you how it can permanently transform how you think, too.

So let's start with our first thinker, Abraham Lincoln, because his story is the most concrete illustration of why someone would pick up this geometry textbook

and carry it in a saddlebag across Illinois.

You see, Lincoln had almost no formal education.

A few months of scattered schooling as a child and then nothing.

In fact, he actually taught himself law by reading borrowed books at night.

But at some point in his early legal career, he ran into a problem.

He was losing arguments he should have been winning.

And it wasn't because the facts were against him, but because he didn't know what it meant to actually prove something.

He later described this moment of realization.

You can never make a lawyer, he stated, if you do not understand what demonstrate means.

And so he went home to his father's farm

and he stayed there until he could recite any proposition in the first six books of Euclid from memory.

Then he went back to his law practice.

Now Euclid's Elements is a geometry book, not a law textbook.

And so what was Euclid actually training Lincoln to do?

Well, to answer it, we need to spend a moment with the book itself.

You see, the elements opens not with a theorem, but with definitions.

A point is that which has no part.

A line is a breathless length.

A straight line lies evenly with the points on itself.

In fact, Euclid defines 23 terms before he begins trying to prove a single thing.

And then he does something even more important.

He states what are called postulates, which you can think of as his assumptions explicitly.

Postulate 1, a straight line can be drawn from any point to any other point.

Postulate 2, a finite straight line can be extended indefinitely.

And then he states what he calls his common notions, which are essentially basic logical principles he'll rely on throughout the text.

Common notion 1, things which are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another.

And so what makes this all so remarkable?

Well, you see, every time Euclid moves from one step in a proof to the next, he cites the rule that justifies the move.

In other words, he doesn't just state something like therefore, but instead something like therefore by common notion one,

or therefore by proposition four.

In other words, nothing in Euclid's elements is simply asserted.

Instead, everything is demonstrated and cited.

And so what Euclid trained Lincoln to do, and what he trains you to do

if you read him is to refuse to accept any step in an argument that isn't justified by an explicit rule.

You see, most people argue by assertion only.

They say things like clearly or obviously or it follows that and just move on.

Euclid makes that impossible.

Every gap has to be closed.

Every conclusion has to be earned.

And so here's an exercise you can engage in from Euclid that is similar to what Lincoln did.

The next time you make an argument in a negotiation, a meeting, a piece of writing, whatever, force yourself to write it in three layers.

First, define your key terms precisely.

What exactly do you mean by success, efficiency, fairness, even risk?

Second, state your assumptions explicitly.

The things you're taking as given or fundamental without proving them.

Third, for every move you make from one claim to the next, name the rule you're applying.

If you can't name it, you see, your thinking and understanding probably isn't all that clear.

And so Lincoln went back to his law practice understanding this kind of discipline.

And it's not a coincidence that he became one of the greatest legal minds in American history.

But whereas Lincoln came to Euclid through professional necessity, our second thinker here, Thomas Hobbes, came to him by accident.

And the story of that encounter is one of the most dramatic intellectual conversion stories on record.

You see, Hobbes was 40 years old, already an educated man, already a scholar by any standard,

when he wandered into a library and came across Euclid's Elements, open to Book 1, Proposition 47, the famous Pythagorean Theorem.

From there, he read the conclusion.

In a right -angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares on the other two sides.

His immediate reaction reportedly was, by God, this is impossible.

So he read the proof.

The proof cited earlier propositions, so he read those, which cited earlier ones still.

And he followed the chain all the way back to the definitions

and postulates at the beginning of book one and realized that everything was airtight.

He couldn't find a single gap.

The conclusion was not only true, but necessarily true given the axioms.

And Hobbes walked out of that library a changed thinker.

In fact, his political philosophy, the Leviathan, is structured as a quasi -Euclidean argument.

Definitions first, then axioms about human nature, then derived conclusions about what political arrangements necessarily follow from those.

In fact, what Hobbes had stumbled into was Euclid's most powerful technique, what is known in formal logic as the reductio ad absurdum.

In Book 1, Proposition 6, Euclid proves that if two angles of a triangle are equal, the sides opposite them must be equal too.

But he doesn't prove this directly.

Instead, he assumes the opposite.

Suppose the sides were not equal, then one would be larger.

You could then construct a smaller triangle inside the original one.

But that smaller triangle would have the same angle sum as the larger one, which contradicts results already proven.

Therefore, the sides must be equal.

In effect, the assumption of the opposite has destroyed itself.

And in Book 9, Proposition 20, Euclid uses the same technique to prove something that still stops people cold.

Namely, the proposition, there are infinitely many prime numbers.

Again, Euclid assumes the opposite.

Suppose there are finitely many.

Well, list them all.

Now multiply them all together and add one.

Well, this new number is either prime, and it's not on your list, contradicting the assumption, or it has a prime factor not on your list,

again, contradicting the assumption.

Either way, the assumption of finitude becomes impossible.

And so what reductio ad absurdum trains is something powerful.

When you can't prove something directly, simply assume it's false and then follow that assumption wherever it leads.

If it leads somewhere impossible, well, you've proven your case.

And this doesn't just apply to mathematics.

It lies at the heart of effective legal arguments, scientific falsification, and even strategic thinking.

And so here's an exercise you can engage in with respect to this skill.

The next time you believe something is true but you struggle to demonstrate it,

write down its negation or the opposite claim at the top of a page then follow

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that opposite claim as far as it will take you.

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What would have to be true if the opposite were true?

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And what would that imply?

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And what would that then imply?

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Keep following the chain until you either reach a contradiction, something that violates what you already know,

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or until you realize your original belief was shakier than you thought.

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Both outcomes are valuable.

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The contradiction gives you a proof, and the failure to find one tells you something important about the limits of what you actually know.

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And by the way, if you want to work with me personally on this skill

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and so many other critical thinking skills that affect the real outcomes in your life,

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then feel free to check out my Critical Thinking Academy at the link in the pinned comment below.

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But now that brings us to the third thinker on our list who read Euclid's Elements, Albert Einstein.

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Now, Einstein's encounter with Euclid was different from both Lincoln's and Hobbes, and what it gave him was different too.

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Einstein was 12 years old when he received what he later called a holy little geometry book, a copy of Euclid's Elements.

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And what struck him was not any individual proof, but something about the method as a whole.

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Here was a system, he thought, where you could start with a handful of simple, self -evident postulates and derive,

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with complete certainty, from pure thought alone, results that were not at all obvious.

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The Pythagorean Theorem.

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Book 1, Proposition 47, is again a great example.

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You see, Euclid doesn't discover it in one move.

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He builds it.

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Proposition 47 depends on Proposition 41, which depends on Proposition 37, which depends on Proposition 35, which depends on Proposition 14,

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and so on, all the way back to the first definitions.

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The entire structure is a dependency chain.

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No step is possible without the steps that precede it.

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And the conclusion that in any right triangle,

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the areas of the squares on the two shorter sides add up to the area of the square on the longest,

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emerges from this chain with a kind of inevitability that feels law -like, almost in a physical sense.

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And so Einstein carried this model of thought into physics.

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For instance, his special relativity begins with two postulates, that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames,

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and that the speed of light is constant for all observers and derives everything else from them.

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That method itself is Euclidean.

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Start simple, be explicit, build carefully, and let the complexity emerge from the structure.

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So here's an exercise you can engage in inspired by Einstein's reading of Euclid.

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The next time you face a complex problem, don't try to solve it in one move.

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Instead, ask what smaller problems you would need to solve first in order for the larger solution to be possible.

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Build the dependency chain backwards.

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What must be true for X to work and what must be true for that to work?

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Keep going until you reach claims simple enough to verify directly, then build forward from there.

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And do you see how this isn't just a mathematical habit?

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In fact, it's the architecture of every sustained complex achievement.

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Finally though, we arrive at the fourth and final thinker here, Bertrand Russell.

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Russell encountered Euclid at 11 years old and later described the experience as one of the great events of my life, as dazzling as first love.

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You see, Russell had been told by his older brother that they were gonna go study geometry together.

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He was disappointed though to be told that he would have to accept the axioms as given, that Euclid's postulates couldn't be proved, only assumed.

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He wanted everything to be proven from nothing.

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But what Russell came to understand,

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both from reading Euclid and later from his own work in mathematical logic was that this wasn't a weakness of the system.

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In fact, it was the system's most important feature.

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Euclid doesn't hide his assumptions.

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He states them at the beginning, in plain sight, before a single theorem is attempted.

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And this is an act of extraordinary intellectual honesty, and it's a habit almost nobody practices in ordinary thinking.

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Most arguments fail not because the reasoning is bad, but because the assumptions are hidden.

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In fact, often the person making the argument doesn't know what they're assuming at all.

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And as a result, the person hearing the argument can't find the assumptions to challenge them.

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And so the argument has the appearance of logic while doing the work of assertion, as we've previously seen.

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Euclid also shows you in Book 1, Proposition 7, how to rule out impossible configurations,

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how to prove something by systematically eliminating every alternative arrangement, considering each case and showing that it leads to contradiction.

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This is what informal logic is called proof by cases.

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Instead of asserting something like here's why X is true, you assert here's why everything other than X is impossible.

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And it's one of the most powerful and least taught reasoning techniques in existence.

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So if we step back and take a look at Lincoln, Hobbes, Einstein, and Russell, what did Euclid actually give them?

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Because it wasn't really geometry.

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I mean, none of them actually went on to become geometers.

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Instead, what Euclid gave them was a model of what rigorous thinking looks like when it's done completely.

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One, define your terms.

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Two, state your assumptions.

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Three, construct rather than assert.

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Four, cite the rule at every step.

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Five, break complex problems into simpler ones and solve those first.

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And six, when you can't prove something directly, assume the opposite and follow it until it destroys itself.

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And these are far more than simply mathematical skills.

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Instead, they're cognitive habits.

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If you want to keep leveling up your critical thinking to make a massive impact not only on your own life,

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but also on the lives of countless others, then be sure to watch this next video.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “This 1 Book Has Produced More Geniuses Than Any University in History”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: Euclid, proposition, assumption, argument. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 174개와 단어 2258개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 13:11입니다. 화자는 분당 약 171단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 81%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

단어	발음	뜻
proposition 명사	/ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/	제안
conclusion 명사	/kənˈkluːʒən/	종결
triangle 명사	/ˈtɹaɪˌæŋɡəl/	삼각, 삼각형
geometry 명사	/d͡ʒiˈɑ.mə.tɹi/	기하학
depend 동사	/dɪˈpɛnd/	의존하다, ...에 달려 있다
theorem 명사	/ˈθiərəm/	정리
assert 동사	/əˈsɝt/	확고히 하다, 주장하다
solve 동사	/sɒlv/	해결하다
angle 명사	/ˈæŋ.ɡəl/	각, 각도
encounter 동사	/ɪnˈkaʊntɚ/	만나다, 부닥치다
habit 명사	/ˈhæb.ɪt/	습관, 버릇
notion 명사	/ˈnoʊʃən/	개념
technique 명사	/tɛkˈniːk/	기술
formal 형용사	/ˈfɔɹməl/	형식적
skill 명사	/skɪl/	기술, 스킬

영상에 나오는 구동사

단어	뜻
pick up 동사	줍다
write down 동사	적다, 적어 두다

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	is not taught · are called · can be drawn
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	I've come · has destroyed · you've proven
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	that which has · notions, which are · things which are

주의할 발음

화자는 doesn't, can't, isn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 30번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“th” 소리: theorem /ˈθiərəm/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, thinker /ˈθɪŋ.kɚ/, breathless /ˈbɹɛθləs/
“sh”와 “zh” 소리: proposition /ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/, assertion /əˈsɜɹʃən/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: proposition /ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/, geometry /d͡ʒiˈɑ.mə.tɹi/, intellectual /ˌɪntəˈlɛkt͡ʃʊəl/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/

한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:

/f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: define /dɪˈfaɪn/, formal /ˈfɔɹməl/, physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/, justify /ˈd͡ʒʌstɪfaɪ/, belief /bɪˈliːf/
/v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: solve /sɒlv/, derive /dɪˈɹaɪv/, discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, arrive /əˈɹaɪv/, achievement /əˈt͡ʃiːv.mənt/
/z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: proposition /ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/, physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, refuse /ɹɪˈfjuːz/, resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, proposition, conclusion, triangle 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: This 1 Book Has Produced More Geniuses Than Any University in History - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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