쉐도잉 연습: Has quantum mechanics proved that reality does not exist? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
레슨 만드는 중...
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Physicists have shown that objective reality doesn't exist.
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This is allegedly an insight derived from quantum mechanics.
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And not only this, it's been experimentally confirmed.
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Really?
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How do you prove that reality doesn't exist?
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Has it really been done?
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And do we have to stop saying really now?
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That's what we'll talk about today.
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Many of you have asked me to comment on those headlines claiming that reality doesn't exist.
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It's a case in which physicists have outdone themselves in the attempt to make linear algebra sound mysterious.
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The outcome is patently absurd.
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In one article, Erik Kalvakanti, a physicist who works on the foundations of quantum mechanics, writes, If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it,
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does it make a sound?
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Perhaps not, some say.
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So, what are those people talking about?
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The story begins in 1961 with the Hungarian physicist Eugène Wigner.
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Wigner was part of the second generation of quantum physicists.
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At his time, the mathematical basis of quantum mechanics had been settled and was experimentally confirmed.
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Now, physicists moved on to quantum field theory, which would eventually give rise to the standard model.
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But they still couldn't make sense of what it means to make a measurement in quantum mechanics.
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The way that quantum mechanics works is that everything is described by a wave function, usually denoted psi.
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The change of the wave function in time is given by the Schrödinger equation.
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But the wave function itself isn't measurable.
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Instead, from the wave function you just calculate probabilities for measurement outcomes.
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Quantum mechanics might for example predict that a particle hits the left side
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or the right side of a screen with 50 % probability each.
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Before the particle hits the screen, it is in a superposition of those two states, which means it's neither here nor there.
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Instead, it's in some sense both here and there.
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But once you have measured the particle, you know where it is with 100 % probability.
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This means after a measurement you have to update the wave function.
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This update is also called the reduction or collapse of the wave function.
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What is a measurement?
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Quantum mechanics doesn't tell you.
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And that's the problem.
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Wigner illustrated this problem with a thought experiment now known as Wigner's friend.
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Suppose Wigner's friend Alice is in a laboratory and does an experiment like the one we just talked about.
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Wigner waits outside the door.
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Inside the lab, the particle hits the screen with 50 % probability left or right.
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When Alice measures the particle, the wave function collapses, and it's either left or right.
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She then opens the door and tells Wigner what she's measured.
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But how would Wigner describe the experiment?
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He only finds out whether the particle went left or right when his friend tells him.
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So, according to quantum mechanics, Wigner has to assume that before he knows what's happened, Alice is in a superposition of two states.
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One in which the particle went left and she knows it went left, and one in which it went right and she knows it went right.
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The problem is now that according to Alice, the outcome of measurement never was in a superposition, whereas for Wigner it was.
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So they don't agree on what happened.
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Reality seems to be subjective.
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Now, it's rather obvious what's going on, namely that one needs to specify what physical process constitutes a measurement,
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otherwise the prediction is of course ambiguous.
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Once you have specified what you mean by measurement, Alice will either do a measurement in her laboratory or not, but not both.
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And in a real experiment, rather than a thought experiment, the measurement happens when the particle hits the screen.
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And that's that.
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Alice is, of course, never in a superposition, and she and Wigner agree on what's objectively real.
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If that's so obvious, then why did Wigner worry about it?
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Because in the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, the update of the wave function isn't a physical process.
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It's just a mathematical update of your knowledge, which you do after you've learned something new about the system.
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It doesn't come with any physical change.
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And if Alice didn't physically change anything, then, according to Wigner, she must indeed herself have been in a superposition.
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Okay, so that was Wigner's friend in the 1960s.
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You can't experimentally test this,
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But in 2016, Daniela Frauchinger and Renato Renner proposed another thought experiment that moved physicists closer to experimental tests.
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This has been dubbed the extended Wigner's friend scenario.
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Before we talk more about Wigner and his friends, I want to thank our sponsors on Patreon, especially our tier 4 supporters.
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Your help is so important to keep this channel going.
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Go check out our Patreon page or click on the join button right below this video.
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Now, what's with the extended weakness friends?
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In this thought experiment you have two wigners, each of whom has a friend.
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We'll call these the wigners and the ellises.
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The ellises each measure one of a pair of entangled particles.
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As a quick reminder, entangled particles share some property, but you don't know which particle has which share.
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You may know, for example, that the particle spins more set up to zero, zero, but you don't know whether the left particle has been plus one and the right particle has been minus one,
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or the other way around.
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So the ellises each measure an entangled particle.
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Now the thing with entangled particles is that if the ellises measurements don't collapse the wave function, then now the two ellises are entangled.
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Either the left one thinks the spin was up and the right one thinks it's down, or the other way around.
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And then there's the two weakness, each of which goes to ask their friends something about their measurement.
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Formally, this asking just means they do another measurement.
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Frauchinger and Renner then show that there are combinations of measurements in
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which the two allices cannot agree with the two weakness on what the measurement outcomes were.
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Again, the obvious answer to what happens is that the allices either measured the particles and collapse the wave function, or they didn't.
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If they did, then their measurement result settles what happens.
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If they didn't do it, then it's the Wigner's results which settle the case.
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Or some combination thereof, depending on who measures what.
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Again, this is only problematic if you think that the measurement is not a physical process.
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Which is insanity of course, but that's indeed what the most widely held interpretation of quantum mechanics says.
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And so, Frauringer and Renner conclude in their paper that quantum mechanics cannot consistently describe the use of itself.
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Because you run into trouble if you're one of the weakness
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and try to apply quantum mechanics to understand how the Ellis' used quantum mechanics.
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You may find this a rather academic argument, but don't get fooled.
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This innocent -sounding statement is a super important result.
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Historically, internal inconsistencies have been the major cause of theory -led breakthroughs in the foundations of physics.
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So we're onto something here.
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But the Frauchinger -Renner paper is somewhat philosophical
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because they go on a lot about what knowledge you can have about other people's knowledge.
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But in 2018, Csáclav Bruckner looked at the problem from a somewhat different perspective and derived a no -go theorem for observer -independent facts.
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His formulation allows one to use the measurement of certain correlations in measurement outcomes to demonstrate
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that the observers in the extended weakness front scenario actually had measurement results which disagree with each other.
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If that was so, there would in certain cases be no observer -independent facts.
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This is the origin of all the talk about objective reality not existing and so on.
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And yeah, it's really just linear algebra.
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There aren't even differential equations to be solved.
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I assure you I'm not saying this to be condescending or anything, I just mean to say, this isn't rocket science.
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Finally in 2019 a group from Edinburgh actually measured those correlations which Bruckner calculated.
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That's the experimental test which the headlines are referring to.
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Now you may wonder who in Edinburgh played the role of the two ellices and the two weakness.
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How did the ellices feel while they were in a superposition?
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Did the weakness see any wave functions collapse?
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Well, I'm afraid I have to disappoint you, because the two ellices were single photons, and the two weakness were photodetectors.
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That's okay of course, I mean some of my best friends are photons too.
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But of course an interaction with a single photon doesn't constitute a measurement.
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We already know this experimentally.
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A measurement requires an apparatus big enough to cause decoherence.
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If you claim that a single photon is an observer who makes a measurement, that's not just a fanciful interpretation, that's nonsense.
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The alleged mystery of all those arguments
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and experiments disappears once you take into account that a measurement is an actual physical process.
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But, since quantum mechanics doesn't require you to define just what this process is, You can make contradictory assumptions about it,
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and then more contradictions follow from it.
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It's like you have assumed that zero equals one, and then show that a lot of contradictions follow from it.
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So, to summarize, no one has proved that reality doesn't exist, and no experiment has confirmed this.
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What these headlines tell you instead is that physicists slowly come to see
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that quantum mechanics is internally inconsistent and must be replaced with a better theory, one that describes what physically happens in a measurement.
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And when they find that theory, that will be the breakthrough of the century.
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This video was sponsored by Brilliant.
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I wasn't kidding when I said quantum mechanics isn't rocket science, it's really mostly linear algebra and not remotely as incomprehensible as most physicists want you to believe.
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If you want to understand quantum mechanics in more depth, Brilliant is a great starting point.
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Brilliant is a website and app that offers courses on a large variety of topics in science and mathematics.
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Whether you want to learn something new or freshen up your knowledge, Brilliant is a simple and fun way to do it.
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All their courses are interactive, so you are challenged with questions and can check your understanding along the way.
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For this video, for example, I recommend their courses on linear algebra and quantum objects.
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To support this channel and learn more about Brilliant, go to brilliant .org slash Sabine and sign up for free.
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The first 200 subscribers using this link will get 20 % off the annual premium subscription.
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Thanks for watching, see you next week.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Has quantum mechanics proved that reality does not exist?”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: measurement, quantum, particle, mechanics, Wigner. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 133개와 단어 1787개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 11:02입니다. 화자는 분당 약 162단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 76%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| measurement 명사 | /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/ | 측정 |
| particle 명사 | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | 입자, 립자 |
| mechanic 명사 | /mɪˈkænɪk/ | 정비공, 기계공 |
| experiment 명사 | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | 실험 |
| weakness 명사 | /ˈwik.nɪs/ | 약함 |
| probability 명사 | /ˌpɹɑ.bəˈbɪl.ə.ti/ | 확률 |
| algebra 명사 | /ˈæl.d͡ʒɪ.bɹə/ | 대수 |
| confirm 동사 | /kənˈfɝm/ | 확인하다 |
| interpretation 명사 | /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/ | 통역 |
| headline 명사 | /ˈhɛd.laɪn/ | 표제, 헤드라인 |
| spin 동사 | /spɪn/ | 회전하다 |
| objective 명사 | /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ | 목적 |
| laboratory 명사 | /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/ | 실험실, 랩 |
| rocket 명사 | /ˈɹɑk.ɪt/ | 로켓, 로켓트 |
| experimental 형용사 | /ɪkspɛɹəˈmɛntəl/ | 실험적 |
따라 말해 볼 만한 문장
영상에 나오는 짧고 완결된 문장으로, 일상 대화에서 그대로 쓸 수 있습니다:
- How do you prove that reality doesn't exist?
- That's what we'll talk about today.
- Quantum mechanics doesn't tell you.
- We'll call these the wigners and the ellises.
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | have shown · have asked · have measured |
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | been done · had been settled · is described |
주의할 발음
화자는 doesn't, don't, isn't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 31번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “th” 소리: mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, thereof /ðɛˈɹʌv/, theorem /ˈθiərəm/
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, correlation /ˌkɔɹ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/, reduction /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, probability /ˌpɹɑ.bəˈbɪl.ə.ti/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, laboratory /ˈlæb(ə)ɹəˌtɔɹi/, experimental /ɪkspɛɹəˈmɛntəl/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: confirm /kənˈfɝm/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/, specify /ˈspɛs.əˌfaɪ/, refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/, physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, objective /ɒbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/, derive /dɪˈɹaɪv/, solve /sɒlv/, interactive /ˌɪn.tɚˈæk.tɪv/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: observer /əbˈzɝvɚ/, physically /ˈfɪz.ɪ.kli/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, measurement, particle, mechanic 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.