シャドーイング練習: What’s Hiding at the Most Solitary Place on Earth? The Deep Sea - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
レッスンを作成中...
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Sometimes the world feels.. hmm.. boring.
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We've visited all the remote islands, conquered the Arctic, and penetrated the deepest jungles.
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But there is still one place to explore.
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It's a wet and deadly desert inhabited by mysterious creatures living in total darkness.
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The deep sea.
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Let's dive down.
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The Earth's Ocean When we look at the sheer scale of the Earth's oceans,
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it's hard to believe that less than 2% of all biomass on Earth lives here.
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And of that small percentage, around 90% is located close to the surface in the first 200 meters.
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This is where we begin our journey.
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Here, light can still penetrate the water, which allows photosynthesis to occur.
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Phytoplankton, trillions and trillions of single-celled algae and bacteria, make up the foundation of the ocean's ecosystem,
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and they're consumed by bigger plankton who are consumed by other species.
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The sea floor at this depth is akin to the Amazon rainforest, and is often covered with coral reefs,
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algae and other sea plants that are home to a plethora of sea animals.
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So far we've focused most of our attention on this comparatively pleasant environment where we fish, swim, pollute and do science.
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So let's dive deeper.
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Moving from familiar coastal waters into deeper, more remote waters, we eventually reach the edge of the continental shelf, where we're confronted with the continental slope,
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long descent down to the deep sea.
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With every additional meter of water, light fades drastically, which means there are basically no more plants
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and the seemingly steep continental slope begins to remind us of the surface of the moon.
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Looking out, we're faced by what seems to be endless open water.
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Let's leave the slope behind us and enter what's known as the Twilight Zone, the portal to the deep sea.
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As we sink down further, the water pressure rises to deadly levels.
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The deepest scuba dive ever came in at 332 meters.
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At that depth, the pressure is like having 200 cars stacked on top of you.
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Yet we've only completed 3% of our journey.
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While this region seems pretty grim, many fish and other animals actually spend at least half their lives down here.
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During the day, it's a good place to to rest and recover, hidden from predators in the vast dark waters.
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At night, they can travel more safely into shallower zones to feed in the food-rich surface waters.
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In this transition zone between twilight and darkness, light becomes a powerful tool.
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Over 90% of the species indigenous to this deep environment use bioluminescence chemicals to create light.
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They do so as camouflage against the very faint sunlight to send signals to potential mates or to confuse and scare attackers.
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Or they use light to hunt.
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Another tool for survival in the dark is teamwork.
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At around 700 meters we encounter a colony of siphonophores.
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They can be up to 50 meters in length but are only as wide as a broomstick.
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To attract prey, a colony creates a tragically beautiful bright blue
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or red light and deploys a curtain of tentacles filled with toxic needles that kill anything that comes too close.
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But most species living down here have to rely on an unlikely resource, marine snow.
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White flaky stuff that constantly sinks from the surface to the bottom of the ocean.
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It consists of dead plant or animal parts, fecal matter, shells, sand or dust.
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Even though this doesn't sound very tasty, without this crucial resource, life in the deep sea would starve.
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It's in this area that the most fascinating battles between two unlikely enemies could happen.
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Sperm whales hunt and attack a giant squid the size of a house.
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While the squid fight back ferociously, they probably don't stand a chance, but they do leave permanent marks on their killer's skin.
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As we reach 1000 meters, deeper than the tallest structure built by humans, we need to be careful.
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This is the Midnight Zone, a place of utter darkness.
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A barely explored wet wasteland consisting of nothing but endless black open water.
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At these depths, it's harder for a human to take a swim than to take a walk in space.
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Eating food down here is really hard, so life had to adapt and become extremely energy efficient.
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Like the 30cm long vampire squid that floats through the water without motion, with long and slender catching arms extended.
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They're covered in tiny stiff hairs, which brush food from the water.
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This saves a lot of energy compared to actively catching food.
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For carnivorous fish, it's much harder to find food since living prey is quite rare down here.
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So the hunters have to get a perfect grip on their victim on first strike, otherwise it will escape into the dark.
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Many deep sea predators have several sets of long and deadly teeth.
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Like the viperfish, which uses its long fangs to trap even large prey and swallow it whole.
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Or the frilled shark, with its impressive set of 300 teeth, which are curved backwards to hook their victims in their mouths.
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We sink further, below the 3800 mark, as deep as the grave of the Titanic.
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We are now at abyssal depths.
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Here, life happens in slow motion.
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Preserving every last bit of energy is crucial for survival.
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Everything down here hovers motionless or swims in a slow, elegant fashion.
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The only time the animals living in this zone move fast is when they have to escape danger.
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Like the Dumbo octopod paddling with its ear-like fins or the Grenadier's fish with its slow eel-like tailbeats.
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At 4,000 meters, we finally reach ground again, the abyssal plain.
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It's covered in gray mud and rocks, dusted with the remains of marine snow, which is consumed by animals like sea cucumbers, shrimp, sea urchins and sea worms.
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In some regions of the sea floor, small dark mineral deposits can be seen.
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These are manganese nodules.
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Deep-sea corals and sponges use them to anchor themselves on the bottom of the sea.
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Though life is sparse on the deep sea floor, even down here there are oases.
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In the rift valleys, where tectonic plates are splitting apart, magma heats up seawater and creates dark jets of water
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and minerals as hot as 400 degrees Celsius that form elaborate chimneys and towers.
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Extremophile bacteria use the minerals to create organic substances that are the basis for unique ecosystems.
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As we descend further, we reach the deepest point of the abyssal plane at 6000 meters.
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For most of the seafloor, this is as deep as it gets.
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But if we want to get to the deepest point of the oceans, we're actually only halfway there.
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Let's enter the Hadel zone, the underworld of the sea.
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It consists of long narrow trenches that only make up around 0.25% of the oceans
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and are among the most extreme environments on Earth.
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Only extremophiles exist down here, like the ethereal snailfish that holds the record for the deepest living fish ever seen at around 8000 meters.
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We see spiky and sharp black rocks rush by as we sink down to more than 10,000.
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until we reach the final slope.
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A trench inside the larger Mariana Trench, with gently sloping sides that frame a valley about 1.6 kilometers wide.
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This is it.
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The deepest point.
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The Challenger Deep.
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11,000 meters below the surface.
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The water pressure here is 1,086 bar.
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Taking a swim here is like having to balance 1,800 elephants on top of you.
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But even here, life has found a way to thrive.
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Next to sea cucumbers, white and light pink amphipods wiggle their way through the water.
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Their size is astounding.
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While their shallow water cousins are merely a few centimeters long, the deep sea version can reach up to 30 centimeters.
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And there are other things floating elegantly through the water.
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Plastic bags that were found by scientists in 2018.
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Even the remotest place on Earth is not safe from human influence.
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There's nothing left to do now and our oxygen is running out, so we begin our ascent.
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After hours of travelling through dark nothingness, we finally see a glimpse of light.
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We arrive back at a calm surface.
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The oceans are so deep.
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There is so much of them.
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We owe it to ourselves and to our descendants to preserve them as well as we can.
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There are still so many wondrous things left to be discovered.
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This bird has magical powers.
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Let's see a demonstration.
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Bring in the latest scientific research.
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Wow, that's a lot of complicated stuff about the immune system and all its cells.
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How could someone possibly understand all of this?
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Incredible!
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This overview is delightful and easy to grasp, but still scientifically accurate.
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Let's make it a bit more difficult.
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Can she make all of evolution visible at a glance?
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This is brilliant!
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You can clearly see the relationships between species and how they evolved.
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And look at those illustrations!
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These posters are ready to be shared with the world.
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These very special pieces of Kurzgesagt are now available on our shop along with many other sciency products,
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all researched with care and created with love by the Burbs with magical powers.
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Every Kurzgesagt product you buy directly funds another moment we get to spend working on our videos.
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Thank you so much for being a part of our story and for making this channel possible.
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なぜこの動画で話す練習をするのか？
このYouTubeで英語学習の動画は、英語のスピーキングスキルを向上させるための素晴らしい資源です。深海の生態系やそこでの生命の営みについて話す内容が含まれており、学びながらも興味を引かれるポイントがたくさんあります。特に、このトピックはIELTS スピーキング対策としても役立ちます。自然と引き込まれるストーリーが提供されるため、自分の意見や感想を英語で表現する練習がしやすくなります。話す内容が豊かで、多様なボキャブラリーを学びながら話すことで、英語スピーキング練習の良い環境を作り出します。
文法と表現の文脈
この動画では、いくつかの鍵となる文法構造や表現が使われています。以下にそれを紹介します。
- 受動態：深海の特徴や生物の行動についての説明で使用されます。「光が作用することで…」という形で、主語よりも行為が強調されます。
- 比較級：深海の生態系の多様性を表現する際に「より」「少ない」という形で比較が行われます。これにより、説明が具体的になります。
- 条件文：未来の可能性を示す際に使われ、「もし〜ならば」といった形で条件が表現されます。これは、聞き手を引き込む重要な要素です。
- 現在進行形：この形を使用して、現在の状況や動作の進行を示します。例えば、「生物は光を利用して…」という表現が含まれています。
一般的な発音の落とし穴
この動画では、いくつかの難しい単語や発音のトラップが存在します。これを意識することで、英語の発音を良くする手助けとなります。
- Marine（マリン）とは「海洋の」という意味ですが、早口で言うと「モリン」と聞こえることがあります。発音練習が必要です。
- Bioluminescence（バイオルミネセンス）は、特に長くて難しい単語の一例です。複数の音節に分けて練習することをお勧めします。
- Continental shelf（大陸棚）は、特に「shelf」の部分で強い音を意識することが重要です。この部分の発音をクリアにする練習が必要です。
これらのポイントを意識しながら、動画を何度も観て英語シャドーイングを行うことで、あなたの英語力は確実に向上します。
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。