シャドーイング練習: Why a Language Map of the World is Impossible - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Bienvenido, zu, Garta, Miehet, Viz, I, Wanwame, Men, Ea, Tehe, Nunanguak.

Mup, men, mup, men, mup, mup, men, men.

There are more than 7 ,000 languages spoken on planet Earth alone.

Which one you choose to speak every day is very strongly linked to where you choose to live.

For example, people who speak Keshwar tend to live here, and people who speak Mongolian tend to live here.

So, here's the super simple challenge.

Is it possible to draw up a world map divided up neatly into who speaks what language where using Microsoft Paint?

Why?

Because a map of languages will provide a living blueprint of the stories of our ancestors

and our shared cultures across the world.

No, I mean why use Microsoft Paint?

That's the most powerful graphic software I know how to use.

I don't think this will be super simple.

One piece of good news is

that this map is certainly easier to draw today than it would have been a few hundred years ago.

Language first developed on Earth on the 18th of September, 97 ,006 BC.

Spoon.

And ever since then, languages started spreading around the world, gradually splitting up into lots of different languages.

People rarely communicated with people outside of their own village, which meant that the language spoken in the next village was slightly different.

Spoon.

Speen.

Spleen.

But then, thanks to increased mobility and printing technology, languages became standardised.

There were now great big zones in which everyone more or less understood the same languages.

But these didn't necessarily correspond to political borders.

Borders were determined by dynastic inheritance, military conquest, and or royal marriages.

This is how you end up with states like the Austro -Hungarian Empire, a single massive blob on the map where the rulers spoke German, but the citizens spoke German, Hungarian, Czech, Slovakian, Polish, Ukrainian,

Slovenian, Serbo -Croat, Romanian, and Italian in no particular order. But then...

A German philosopher called Johann Gottfried von Herder once argued that A people's soul, identity and world view are inherently tied to their native tongue.

To be ruled by a foreign empire is a great injustice.

Herder's ideas sparked a massive movement across Europe where linguistic identity was the same as national identity.

To summarise this incredibly complicated history in as few words as possible, wars.

Which is how you get modern nation states, each with their own language, that we know and like today.

Making Europe a great easy place to start drawing our map.

So, Portuguese in Portugal, Spanish in Spain, French in France, German in Germany, easy -peasy language squeezy.

Wait a minute!

A small handful of small nations are an exception to this rule, with some European countries not having languages to call their own, but borrowing the languages spoken across the border,

making Austria and Liechtenstein disappear into Germany, Switzerland disappear into Italy, France and Germany, and Belgium disappear into the Netherlands, France and Germany a bit.

Well that's just a handful of anomalies, we can work with that.

Filling in all of Europe very, very fast.

Right, that's Europe completely filled in.

Time to move on to the rest of the planet.

Not yet!

Rather a lot of languages don't have the advantage of being represented by a fully -fledged nation -state, but are still spoken by a lot of people, and deserve to be on this map.

For example, take France.

Thank you.

France does not just speak French.

There are also plenty of regional languages that you'll often see on street signs, such as Breton, Basque, Occitan, Corsican, and Alsatian.

And that's just France.

There are regional languages on street signs, local newspapers and bus timetables in certain regions of Spain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Poland, Finland.

Hang on, hang on, hang on.

This is getting too cluttery.

If our map of all the world's languages is going to be anyway legible, we're just going to have to get rid of some of the unimportant ones.

Uh -oh.

Differentiating between which languages are apparently important is not data, it's a personal opinion.

How would you like it if it was your language that the powers that be decided didn't belong on this map.

Well, I'd feel marginalised and ignored.

Not a nice feeling, is it?

Wouldn't know.

So we need a simple rule to keep the map legible that can be applied to the whole map, devoid of our own personal opinions.

I think I've got one.

You do?

Yep, and it's very simple.

All languages on this map have to be official.

That sounds nice and simple.

To see if that's any help at all, let's look at Ireland.

The Arctic Circle, home to some of the most inhospitable environments on Earth.

It is also incredibly boring.

But this human thinks he has found an ingenious solution.

Surfshark VPN, the sponsor of this video.

With this remarkable adaptation, he can now watch streaming services is usually only available to those in other countries.

Not only will this stave off boredom, the Surfshark CleanWeb feature ensures he won't be overwhelmed by ads and trackers, meaning faster load times and lower data usage,

whilst its email scam checker helps protect against criminal calamity.

But not everyone is so lucky.

No!

With access to only the Danish internet, this individual has reached his wits end.

But I already know Jens and Sebastian are the same person!

I've seen it 15 times!

Surfshark's benefits are truly humorous.

If humans like the one behind me do not learn to click the link in the description...

Will I borrow your heater?

Shut up!

Surfshark .com forward slash mapmen and use the code MAPMEN.

You're so mean!

Shut up!

To get four months extra, then they will surely become extinct.

Can I use your Surfshark account?

Right, that's it!

No, please!

Noooooooooooooooooooooooooooo!

The official first language of the Republic of Ireland, explicitly stated by the Irish Constitution, is Irish.

It's on all road signs, government websites, library cards, public transport announcements, and government -funded TV and radio stations.

However, 98 % of the Irish population actually speaks English.

The Irish language is spoken at home by less than 2 % of Irish people.

Lots of Irish people can speak some Irish, but mostly because it's taught in schools as a compulsory subject.

To ladron erin, to ladron eris, to ladron erin, to ladron erin.

Irish is just one example of an official language that is not a majority language.

100

Thanks to modern -day migration, Scotland has more speakers of Polish than Scottish Gaelic, Toulouse has more speakers of Arabic than Occitan and Switzerland has more speakers of Portuguese than Romance.

101

Many languages are made official for historical or political reasons.

102

In the case of Irish, its modern preservation is a direct response to undo the damage done by centuries of attempts by the English to eradicate it.

103

And it's a similar story for many of the other languages

104

that appear on street signs whose status comes not from the fact that so many people speak them, but that so many people don't speak them.

105

So the word official is officially unhelpful for our map.

106

So far, but it might come in handy once we finally zoom out of Europe

107

and have a look at the rest of the world.

108

Beyond Europe, many places speak a European language thanks to colonialism.

109

Thanks to colonialism?

110

What's the word for thanks to but when it's a bad thing?

111

Thanks to bad.

112

Thanks to bad colonialism.

113

So French is an official language in these countries, Portuguese is an official language in these countries,

114

Spanish in these countries and of course English in all these countries.

115

Not so fast, Bucket!

116

Let's see which languages are actually spoken in these places.

117

This is Namibia, in the southwest of Africa, just northwest of South Africa.

118

According to its constitution, after gaining independence in 1990, that was late, its only official language is English.

119

It's used in boring government documents, PowerPoint presentations in business meetings, and the Namibian Post Office's FAQ webpage.

120

However, English is actually spoken as a first language by less than 4 % of actual Namibians.

121

So what do actual Namibians actually speak?

122

Most Namibians speak a patchwork of dozens of indigenous languages, languages, such as Oshiwambo, Cuocacoap, Ochiherero, Rukwangali.

123

So why is their official language English?

124

If they'd chosen any of the indigenous languages, they'd have risked alienating speakers of the other ones.

125

By selecting English, a language native to almost nobody, Namibia established a neutral bridging language, putting all citizens at the same annoying disadvantage.

126

So if our map's going to be actually useful, we can't use English for Namibia?

127

Certainly not!

128

Nor can you use it for any other countries where English is an official but by no means majority language, such as India, Pakistan, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Cameroon, Papua New Guinea,

129

Zambia, Malawi, Lesotho, Botswana, Eswatini, Vanuatu or the Solomon Islands.

130

Conversely, in this country, where English actually is widely spoken by the population, the English language has no legal official status at all.

131

In the United States, the fact that all the country's business

132

and TV stations and national anthems just happen to be conducted in English is, legally speaking, a happy and very useful coincidence.

133

OK, it's taken a lot of research and a lot of colours, but I've ignored the politicians, ignored national borders, and just coloured each area according to the most spoken language.

134

Spoken language? Or languages?

135

Oh no. The majority of the world is not monolingual.

136

Speaking one language when you're at home, and then another language when you're at work, or school, or in court, is completely normal for roughly 60 % of the world's population.

137

Take Paraguay.

138

Thank you.

139

In Paraguay, the country in South America you know least about, the vast majority of the population speaks both Spanish and Guarani, the local indigenous language.

140

But when they use each one depends on the situation.

141

Spanish is used for formal purposes like business or education, and Guarani is used for informal, intimate and everyday personal interactions.

142

This is called diglossia.

143

This is completely true, by the way.

144

I actually did a gap year in Paraguay when I was 19, so I actually saw this for myself.

145

I was teaching English in a school and the kids would all speak Spanish to me in our lessons, but every time they spoke to each other, they'd speak in Guarani.

146

And I did manage to learn just a little bit of Guarani while I was out there.

147

Paraguay is far from the only place on our map where we'd have to show two or more languages at once.

148

In many bi - or tri -lingual parts of the world, people switch languages not just throughout a typical day, but throughout a typical sentence.

149

This is called code -switching, and it'll be familiar to anybody who grew up in a bilingual household.

150

Dad, can I with and Steve's after school?

151

Only if your mother says .

152

This happens in, for example, Delhi, where the average sentence switches every few seconds between English and Hindi, or the Philippines between English and Tagalog, or Singapore between English, Malay,

153

Cantonese and Hokkien, more commonly known as Singlish.

154

So if our map is going to be accurate, it's going to have to have lots of zones where you have to show two or more languages at once.

155

And how are you going to do that?

156

Errr...

157

Well, if we draw very, very, very thin vertical lines with alternating colours, it sort of makes it look really clear that it's meant to be both languages at once.

158

Problem solved!

159

Can I have a go?

160

Go ahead.

161

Yeah, look at that!

162

Hello?

163

I'll tell him.

164

Apparently Singlish mixes these languages together in such a consistent way, that it arguably doesn't count as code -switching, and it's its own dialect.

165

Oh no no no, we're not putting dialects on this map.

166

Why not?

167

Who was that?

168

King of Singapore.

169

Because this map is crowded enough.

170

It's not supposed to be a map of dialects, it's a map of different languages.

171

Do you know the difference?

172

A dialect is a version of a language, with some of its own distinct vocabulary, or grammar or pronunciation, but it's still generally understood by speakers of other dialects.

173

For example, Geordie, spoken in Newcastle, is a dialect of English, understood by speakers of other English dialects.

174

So you say.

175

But to the relief of everyone from Sunderland, the rest of the world is not like Newcastle.

176

This is China, home to more than a billion speakers of dozens of languages.

177

For example, in Beijing, they speak Mandarin.

178

And in Hong Kong, they speak Cantonese.

179

These are as different from each other as Spanish is from Italian.

180

However… If you ask the Chinese government what languages these people are speaking, they'll say they're speaking the same language.

181

For the purposes of political unity, these two languages, and indeed all the other dozens of mutually unintelligible languages across China, are referred to as dialects of Chinese.

182

Confusing things a bit, these mutually unintelligible tongues share the same pictorial writing system, So, written down, they all count as Chinese, even though they sound very different.

183

Well, we're not letting the Chinese government dictate what our map looks like.

184

Then you'll need a consistent definition across the world for what counts as a language, and not a dialect.

185

How about this?

186

It counts as a different language if two speakers can't understand each other.

187

I'm afraid if you apply that rule, we'll have to start Europe all over again.

188

What?

189

In Scandinavia, the countries of Norway, Denmark and Sweden respectively speak the languages Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.

190

How.

191

Ever.

192

If you've ever had a curious look at the user manual for a 2006 Peugeot 107, you'll notice that the instructions in Danish, Swedish and Norwegian are remarkably similar.

193

The result of so much shared Scandinavian geography and history is

194

that 64 % of Danish speakers can understand 91 % of Norwegian, and 88 % of Norwegian speakers can understand 72 % of Swedish.

195

That's a lot of percent.

196

It's about like hearing an English sentence like this a bit.

197

Understand it, you can't perfect, Borg.

198

Only it sound, it sound a bit wrong." There is arguably more mutual understanding

199

between the three Scandinavian languages than there is between speakers of wildly different dialects of Arabic.

200

Okay, couldn't we just colour all of Scandinavia one colour?

201

Nay, nay and nay.

202

There is no such thing as standard pan -Scandinavian.

203

These nations take each other's separate identities and independence very seriously, and have been to war with each other several times just to make sure.

204

For similarly politically sensitive reasons, you can't say Serbian is the same as Bosnian or

205

that Czech is the same as Slovak or that Hindi is the same as Urdu.

206

Even though it sort of is, it sort of is and it sort of is.

207

So if it's not government recognition or mutual intelligibility, what on earth is the difference between a language and a dialect?

208

There isn't one!

209

As the famous linguist Max Weinreich once said, A language is just a dialect with an army and a navy.

210

A quote which has been endlessly re -quoted again and again in dozens of dialects.

211

Well this is getting ridiculous now.

212

If it counts as a different language, even if you can still understand each other, we'll be dividing the map up all day.

213

My neighbour pronounces spade differently.

214

Mind if I borrow your spade?

215

In truth, that's the very thing that makes this map impossibilist to draw.

216

My neighbour?

217

In a manner of speaking, yes.

218

In a globalised world of high international travel and migration, the reality is there are dozens of different dialects in every district.

219

In my street alone, there are families speaking Greek, Romanian, Portuguese, Yoruba, and that weird kid at number 12 who's made up his own language.

220

To show broad generalisations on a legible map is sort of saying that these people don't matter or don't exist.

221

So it turns out a map of all the world's languages can never be truly representative

222

and consistent and accurate at the same time, no matter how state -of -the -art your software is.

223

Ah, I guess you're right.

224

Making this map was completely pointless.

225

Well, that's not what I said.

226

Even if the map itself is fundamentally flawed, the process of trying to make it teaches us so much.

227

The very thing that makes the topic of linguistics

228

so endlessly fascinating is the fact that you can't show the rich

229

and varied tapestries of the world's languages in one single map.

230

Each new layer of complexity, each caveat and bit of nuance, reveals more about how cultural exchange, political control and human interconnectivity have shaped the world today.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「Why a Language Map of the World is Impossible」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：language, map, English, speak, dialect。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が230文、単語が2804語あります。音声の長さは15:28です。話す速さは速く、1分あたり約181語です。音のつながりや弱く発音される音が多くなります。英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は79%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
legible 形容詞	/ˈlɛd͡ʒəbl/	読める, 読みやすい
spoon 名詞	/spuːn/	スプーン, 匙
disappear 動詞	/dɪsəˈpɪɹ/	消える
endlessly 副詞	/ˈɛndləsli/	際限なく
mutually 副詞	/ˈmjut͡ʃuəli/	互いに
neighbour 名詞	/ˈneɪbɚ/	隣人, 隣の人
bore 動詞	/boɹ/	いらいらさせる
borrow 動詞	/ˈbɑɹ.oʊ/	借りる
alienate 動詞	/ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/	疎む, 疎んじる
ancestor 名詞	/ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/	先祖, 祖先
anomaly 名詞	/əˈnɑ.mə.li/	例外
blueprint 名詞	/ˈbluːˌpɹɪnt/	青写真
boredom 名詞	/ˈbɔɹ.dəm/	退屈
calamity 名詞	/kəˈlæmɪti/	災い, 災難
diglossia 名詞	/ˌdaɪˈɡlɑsi.ə/	ダイグロシア, 二言語変種使い分け

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	発音	意味
shut up	/ʃʌt ʌp/	だまれ, うるさい
draw up 動詞		練る
go ahead 動詞	/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/	どうぞお先に
write down 動詞		書き留める, 記す

繰り返し練習したい文

動画に出てくる短く完結した文です。日常会話でそのまま使えます。

I don't think this will be super simple.
Will I borrow your heater?
Can I have a go?
Do you know the difference?
Mind if I borrow your spade?

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
条件文 if + 節, will/would + 動詞 — 条件とその結果	if you apply that rule, we'll have
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	are inherently tied · be ruled · being represented
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	has found · has reached · I've seen
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える	people who speak · anybody who grew · quote which has

注意したい発音

話し手はcan't, don't, you'reなど、短縮形や弱形を43回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: pronunciation /pɹəˌnʌn.siˈeɪ.ʃən/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/, preservation /ˌpɹɛz.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: unintelligible /ˌʌnɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒɪbəl/, alienate /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/, anomaly /əˈnɑ.mə.li/, calamity /kəˈlæmɪti/, diglossia /ˌdaɪˈɡlɑsi.ə/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

/r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: arguably /ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/, blueprint /ˈbluːˌpɹɪnt/, pictorial /pɪkˈtɔɹi.əl/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, compulsory /kəmˈpʌlsəɹi/
/v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: caveat /ˈkæviɑt/, devoid /dɪˈvɔɪd/, overwhelm /ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɛlm/, conversely /kənˈvɝsli/, disadvantage /ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪd͡ʒ/
/f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/, fledged /flɛd͡ʒd/, differentiate /dɪf.əˈɹɛn.ʃi.eɪt/, confuse /kənˈfjuːz/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。legible, spoon, disappearなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Why a Language Map of the World is Impossible - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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