シャドーイング練習: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

練習モードを選ぶ

各モードは全画面の練習ルームで開きます。

64 文

文が短すぎたり長すぎる場合は、Editをタップして調整してください。

How many of you have pets?

They're great, aren't they?

I've got a golden retriever myself, and often I feel that my dog is communicating with me.

But do animals really communicate like we do?

Well, Harvard professor Mark Hauser has identified several types of animal communication.

And like humans, they do use sounds and nonverbal behavior to communicate.

For instance, they convey information to one another, they establish and maintain social organization, and they express their perceptions of the world.

So today we'll look at animal communication through the lens of human language.

Specifically, we'll use four basic characteristics of human language to see how animal and human communication styles compare.

I think that you'll be surprised at how sophisticated animal communication is.

But ultimately, we'll see that human communication is far more flexible and better developed.

Now the first characteristic we'll look at is arbitrariness.

Arbitrariness means that there's no logical relationship between a sound and its meaning.

For example, the word sky has no relationship with the thing it refers to, right?

In comparison, a lot of animal communication is not arbitrary.

For example, the growl of an angry dog is meant to very directly warn and threaten.

There's nothing arbitrary about this message, right?

However some animal communication is arbitrary, albeit to a limited degree.

For example, meerkats, a small African animal, can make about 20 distinct sounds.

They use one alarm call for snakes, another for eagles, and yet another for large cats, just to name a few, okay?

This is impressive, but human languages are far more flexible because they have a wide range of sounds.

English, for example, has more than 40 distinct sounds, such as ah, kuh, or t.

And we can make an unlimited number of arbitrary words by altering these sounds, far more than any animal.

The second characteristic of human language we'll compare is displacement.

Displacement is communicating ideas about things that are not physically present.

For example, if you talk about what you did last weekend, that's displacement.

Now, can animals do this?

Well, often the answer is they can't.

For instance, if your dog doesn't like the neighbor cat, maybe it barks when it sees the cat.

But when the cat isn't around, the dog doesn't bark.

It doesn't communicate its dislike of the cat.

This shows that the dog doesn't have the capacity for displacement.

Well, one exception to this is bees.

Many types of bees use displacement in their dances.

Through these dances, they're able to communicate to other bees the distance, direction, quality, and quantity of a food source.

The meaning of the dance is so clear and so precise

that even scientists researching bee dances can interpret exactly where the food is.

In any case, although I think that the bees is an excellent example of the sophistication of animal communication,

in general, animals' use of displacement is extremely limited compared to humans.

Think about books, magazines, and the internet.

I mean, everything that we read involves displacement, as do most of our conversations.

The third characteristic of human language that I want to consider is called cultural transmission, the idea that language is passed from one generation to the next.

Now, obviously, humans excel at this, but what about animals?

Well, some animals are also fairly skilled at passing language on to their young.

A good example of this is the killer whale.

They live in groups, and different groups develop different accents, just like people.

The accents are passed from older to younger killer whales.

Well, this is yet another example of the sophistication of some animal communication.

However, once again, what we see is that while animal and human communication share similarities,

similarities, the characteristics that we are looking for are far more developed in humans.

For example, in addition to accents, humans also pass on extremely large vocabularies and complex grammar.

The fourth and last characteristic that we'll talk about today is called discreteness.

This means that language is made up of discrete units that can be combined in different ways to create different meanings.

As humans, we do this by using sounds to make words and using grammar to arrange those words into sentences.

The best example we have of animals using discreteness is from chimpanzees raised in captivity.

Using a keyboard, chimps have made requests for food by typing, raisin peanut, which seemed to mean raisins and peanuts.

Chimps have also invented phrases that describe things.

For example, one chimp called watermelon drink fruit.

Clever, huh?

But while this is fairly impressive, one major problem with the chimpanzees' use of language is that their word order is quite random.

So most linguists would say that the chimpanzees really do not understand and use grammar in the way that humans do, and therefore can't be said to use discreteness.

In the use of discreteness, we see that humans have a huge advantage over animals.

allows us to make complex words and sentences that communicate an unlimited number of meanings.

And this is one of the really impressive, actually amazing aspects of human communication.

アプリをダウンロード

流暢に話すために必要なすべて

AI発音採点文ごとに採点

IPA練習すべての音をマスター

単語学習自分の単語帳を作る

単語ゲーム遊びながら覚える

QRをスキャン

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

同じチャンネル

FOR YOU

このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が64文、単語が853語あります。音声の長さは5:50です。話す速さは1分あたり約146語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。単語の82%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画に出てくるやや難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ (動詞) — 伝える. To impart or transmit (information or knowledge) to someone; to make known, to tell.
characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (名詞) — 特性, 特徴. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
bee /ˈbiː/ (名詞) — 蜂, 花蜂. A flying insect, of the clade Anthophila within the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for…
arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/ (形容詞) — 恣意的な. Based on individual discretion or judgment; not based on any objective distinction, perhaps even made at random.
impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/ (形容詞) — 印象的な. Making, or tending to make, a positive impression; having power to impress.
compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (動詞) — 比べる, 比較する. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ (名詞) — 文法. A system of rules and principles for the structure of a language, or of languages in general.
accent /ækˈsɛnt/ (名詞) — 強音, 強調. A higher-pitched or stronger (louder or longer) articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to…
killer /ˈkɪlɚ/ (名詞) — 殺人者, キラー. One who or that which kills.
distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ (形容詞) — 明白な. Capable of being perceived very clearly.
flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (形容詞) — 柔軟な. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/ (形容詞) — 果てしない, 無限の. Limitless or without bounds; unrestricted.
whale /ˈweɪl/ (名詞) — 鯨, クジラ. Any large cetacean, usually with the exclusion of dolphins and porpoises.
peanut /ˈpiˌnʌt/ (名詞) — ピーナツ, 落花生. A legume resembling a nut, the fruit of the plant Arachis hypogaea, native to South America.
bark /bɑɹk/ (名詞) — 木の皮, 樹皮. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree or of various other woody plants.

動画に出てくる句動詞

look for (動詞) — 探す, 求める. To seek.
pass on (動詞) — 伝える. To go forward.

注意したい発音

話し手はwe'll, doesn't, can'tなど、短縮形や弱形を18回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, sophistication /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。communicate, characteristic, beeなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	is meant · is called · are also fairly skilled
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	has identified · have made · have also invented

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

練習モードを選ぶ

アプリをダウンロード

同じチャンネル

CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 10 ECONOMICS THE EVOLUTION OF MONEY

CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING

CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 7 TECHNOLOGY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 6 HISTORY THE SILK ROAD

CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 12 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RISK MANAGEMENT

CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 3 SOCIOLOGY ONLINE COMMUNITIES

おすすめ動画

Pragmatics: Crash Course Linguistics #6

Luyên nghe tiêng anh- buổi 4- the ecological importance bees

44 Audio Track

Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 2 Lecture with Powerpoint

Steven Pinker: Linguistics as a Window to Understanding the Brain | Big Think

IELTS ASMR Podcast #10 - Luyện nghe thụ động | Phụ đề Anh & Việt

Luyện tư duy qua đề thi mẫu hskk " Thời đại thức ăn nhanh "

IFO | Bài phát biểu xứng tầm 9.0 của sinh viên trường Thanh Hoa | Full Eng-Vie sub

Linguistic Relativity: How Language Shapes Thought

Vocabulary for IELTS - Unit 6 Effective Communication II (Band 5.5 ~ 6.5+) 🔔

Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 5 Lecture with Powerpoint