Prática de Shadowing: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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How many of you have pets?
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They're great, aren't they?
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I've got a golden retriever myself, and often I feel that my dog is communicating with me.
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But do animals really communicate like we do?
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Well, Harvard professor Mark Hauser has identified several types of animal communication.
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And like humans, they do use sounds and nonverbal behavior to communicate.
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For instance, they convey information to one another, they establish and maintain social organization, and they express their perceptions of the world.
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So today we'll look at animal communication through the lens of human language.
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Specifically, we'll use four basic characteristics of human language to see how animal and human communication styles compare.
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I think that you'll be surprised at how sophisticated animal communication is.
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But ultimately, we'll see that human communication is far more flexible and better developed.
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Now the first characteristic we'll look at is arbitrariness.
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Arbitrariness means that there's no logical relationship between a sound and its meaning.
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For example, the word sky has no relationship with the thing it refers to, right?
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In comparison, a lot of animal communication is not arbitrary.
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For example, the growl of an angry dog is meant to very directly warn and threaten.
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There's nothing arbitrary about this message, right?
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However some animal communication is arbitrary, albeit to a limited degree.
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For example, meerkats, a small African animal, can make about 20 distinct sounds.
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They use one alarm call for snakes, another for eagles, and yet another for large cats, just to name a few, okay?
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This is impressive, but human languages are far more flexible because they have a wide range of sounds.
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English, for example, has more than 40 distinct sounds, such as ah, kuh, or t.
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And we can make an unlimited number of arbitrary words by altering these sounds, far more than any animal.
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The second characteristic of human language we'll compare is displacement.
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Displacement is communicating ideas about things that are not physically present.
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For example, if you talk about what you did last weekend, that's displacement.
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Now, can animals do this?
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Well, often the answer is they can't.
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For instance, if your dog doesn't like the neighbor cat, maybe it barks when it sees the cat.
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But when the cat isn't around, the dog doesn't bark.
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It doesn't communicate its dislike of the cat.
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This shows that the dog doesn't have the capacity for displacement.
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Well, one exception to this is bees.
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Many types of bees use displacement in their dances.
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Through these dances, they're able to communicate to other bees the distance, direction, quality, and quantity of a food source.
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The meaning of the dance is so clear and so precise
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that even scientists researching bee dances can interpret exactly where the food is.
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In any case, although I think that the bees is an excellent example of the sophistication of animal communication,
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in general, animals' use of displacement is extremely limited compared to humans.
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Think about books, magazines, and the internet.
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I mean, everything that we read involves displacement, as do most of our conversations.
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The third characteristic of human language that I want to consider is called cultural transmission, the idea that language is passed from one generation to the next.
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Now, obviously, humans excel at this, but what about animals?
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Well, some animals are also fairly skilled at passing language on to their young.
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A good example of this is the killer whale.
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They live in groups, and different groups develop different accents, just like people.
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The accents are passed from older to younger killer whales.
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Well, this is yet another example of the sophistication of some animal communication.
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However, once again, what we see is that while animal and human communication share similarities,
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similarities, the characteristics that we are looking for are far more developed in humans.
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For example, in addition to accents, humans also pass on extremely large vocabularies and complex grammar.
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The fourth and last characteristic that we'll talk about today is called discreteness.
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This means that language is made up of discrete units that can be combined in different ways to create different meanings.
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As humans, we do this by using sounds to make words and using grammar to arrange those words into sentences.
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The best example we have of animals using discreteness is from chimpanzees raised in captivity.
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Using a keyboard, chimps have made requests for food by typing, raisin peanut, which seemed to mean raisins and peanuts.
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Chimps have also invented phrases that describe things.
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For example, one chimp called watermelon drink fruit.
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Clever, huh?
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But while this is fairly impressive, one major problem with the chimpanzees' use of language is that their word order is quite random.
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So most linguists would say that the chimpanzees really do not understand and use grammar in the way that humans do, and therefore can't be said to use discreteness.
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In the use of discreteness, we see that humans have a huge advantage over animals.
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allows us to make complex words and sentences that communicate an unlimited number of meanings.
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And this is one of the really impressive, actually amazing aspects of human communication.

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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Este vídeo tem 64 frases e 853 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:50. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 146 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 82% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

15 palavras menos comuns do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:

  • communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ (verbo) — comunicar. To impart or transmit (information or knowledge) to someone; to make known, to tell.
  • displacement /dɪsˈpleɪsmɪnt/ (substantivo) — deslocamento. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced; a putting out of place.
  • characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (substantivo) — característica, caraterística. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
  • bee /ˈbiː/ (substantivo) — abelha. A flying insect, of the clade Anthophila within the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for…
  • arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/ (adjetivo) — arbitrário, arbitrária. Based on individual discretion or judgment; not based on any objective distinction, perhaps even made at random.
  • impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/ (adjetivo) — impressionante. Making, or tending to make, a positive impression; having power to impress.
  • compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (verbo) — comparar. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
  • grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ (substantivo) — gramática. A system of rules and principles for the structure of a language, or of languages in general.
  • accent /ækˈsɛnt/ (substantivo) — acento, tonicidade. A higher-pitched or stronger (louder or longer) articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to…
  • killer /ˈkɪlɚ/ (substantivo) — assassino, assassina. One who or that which kills.
  • distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ (adjetivo) — distinto. Capable of being perceived very clearly.
  • flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (adjetivo) — flexível. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
  • unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/ (adjetivo) — ilimitado. Limitless or without bounds; unrestricted.
  • whale /ˈweɪl/ (substantivo) — baleia. Any large cetacean, usually with the exclusion of dolphins and porpoises.
  • peanut /ˈpiˌnʌt/ (substantivo) — amendoim, ginguba. A legume resembling a nut, the fruit of the plant Arachis hypogaea, native to South America.

Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir

  • look at (verbo) — observar, ver. To observe or watch.
  • call for (verbo) — chamar. To shout out in order to summon (a person).
  • look for (verbo) — procurar, buscar. To seek.
  • think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbo) — pensar em, pensar sobre. To ponder.

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

O falante usa 18 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we'll, doesn't, can't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.

  • Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, sophistication /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
  • Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/

Como praticar com este vídeo

  1. Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
  2. Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
  3. Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como communicate, displacement, characteristic.

Gramática neste vídeo

As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:

EstruturaNo vídeo
Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem fazis meant · is called · are also fairly skilled
Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agorahas identified · have made · have also invented

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →