Pratique du Shadowing: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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How many of you have pets?
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They're great, aren't they?
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I've got a golden retriever myself, and often I feel that my dog is communicating with me.
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But do animals really communicate like we do?
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Well, Harvard professor Mark Hauser has identified several types of animal communication.
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And like humans, they do use sounds and nonverbal behavior to communicate.
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For instance, they convey information to one another, they establish and maintain social organization, and they express their perceptions of the world.
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So today we'll look at animal communication through the lens of human language.
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Specifically, we'll use four basic characteristics of human language to see how animal and human communication styles compare.
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I think that you'll be surprised at how sophisticated animal communication is.
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But ultimately, we'll see that human communication is far more flexible and better developed.
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Now the first characteristic we'll look at is arbitrariness.
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Arbitrariness means that there's no logical relationship between a sound and its meaning.
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For example, the word sky has no relationship with the thing it refers to, right?
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In comparison, a lot of animal communication is not arbitrary.
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For example, the growl of an angry dog is meant to very directly warn and threaten.
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There's nothing arbitrary about this message, right?
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However some animal communication is arbitrary, albeit to a limited degree.
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For example, meerkats, a small African animal, can make about 20 distinct sounds.
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They use one alarm call for snakes, another for eagles, and yet another for large cats, just to name a few, okay?
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This is impressive, but human languages are far more flexible because they have a wide range of sounds.
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English, for example, has more than 40 distinct sounds, such as ah, kuh, or t.
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And we can make an unlimited number of arbitrary words by altering these sounds, far more than any animal.
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The second characteristic of human language we'll compare is displacement.
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Displacement is communicating ideas about things that are not physically present.
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For example, if you talk about what you did last weekend, that's displacement.
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Now, can animals do this?
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Well, often the answer is they can't.
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For instance, if your dog doesn't like the neighbor cat, maybe it barks when it sees the cat.
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But when the cat isn't around, the dog doesn't bark.
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It doesn't communicate its dislike of the cat.
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This shows that the dog doesn't have the capacity for displacement.
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Well, one exception to this is bees.
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Many types of bees use displacement in their dances.
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Through these dances, they're able to communicate to other bees the distance, direction, quality, and quantity of a food source.
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The meaning of the dance is so clear and so precise
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that even scientists researching bee dances can interpret exactly where the food is.
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In any case, although I think that the bees is an excellent example of the sophistication of animal communication,
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in general, animals' use of displacement is extremely limited compared to humans.
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Think about books, magazines, and the internet.
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I mean, everything that we read involves displacement, as do most of our conversations.
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The third characteristic of human language that I want to consider is called cultural transmission, the idea that language is passed from one generation to the next.
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Now, obviously, humans excel at this, but what about animals?
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Well, some animals are also fairly skilled at passing language on to their young.
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A good example of this is the killer whale.
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They live in groups, and different groups develop different accents, just like people.
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The accents are passed from older to younger killer whales.
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Well, this is yet another example of the sophistication of some animal communication.
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However, once again, what we see is that while animal and human communication share similarities,
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similarities, the characteristics that we are looking for are far more developed in humans.
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For example, in addition to accents, humans also pass on extremely large vocabularies and complex grammar.
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The fourth and last characteristic that we'll talk about today is called discreteness.
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This means that language is made up of discrete units that can be combined in different ways to create different meanings.
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As humans, we do this by using sounds to make words and using grammar to arrange those words into sentences.
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The best example we have of animals using discreteness is from chimpanzees raised in captivity.
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Using a keyboard, chimps have made requests for food by typing, raisin peanut, which seemed to mean raisins and peanuts.
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Chimps have also invented phrases that describe things.
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For example, one chimp called watermelon drink fruit.
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Clever, huh?
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But while this is fairly impressive, one major problem with the chimpanzees' use of language is that their word order is quite random.
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So most linguists would say that the chimpanzees really do not understand and use grammar in the way that humans do, and therefore can't be said to use discreteness.
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In the use of discreteness, we see that humans have a huge advantage over animals.
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allows us to make complex words and sentences that communicate an unlimited number of meanings.
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And this is one of the really impressive, actually amazing aspects of human communication.

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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette vidéo contient 64 phrases et 853 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:50. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 146 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 82 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

15 mots moins courants de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

  • communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ (verbe) — communiquer. To impart or transmit (information or knowledge) to someone; to make known, to tell.
  • characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (nom) — caractéristique. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
  • bee /ˈbiː/ (nom) — abeille, mouche à miel. A flying insect, of the clade Anthophila within the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for…
  • arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/ (adjectif) — arbitraire. Based on individual discretion or judgment; not based on any objective distinction, perhaps even made at random.
  • impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/ (adjectif) — impressionnant, épatant. Making, or tending to make, a positive impression; having power to impress.
  • compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (verbe) — comparer. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
  • grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ (nom) — grammaire. A system of rules and principles for the structure of a language, or of languages in general.
  • accent /ækˈsɛnt/ (nom) — accent. A higher-pitched or stronger (louder or longer) articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to…
  • killer /ˈkɪlɚ/ (nom) — mortel, fatal. One who or that which kills.
  • distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ (adjectif) — distinct, intelligible. Capable of being perceived very clearly.
  • flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (adjectif) — flexible. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
  • unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/ (adjectif) — illimité. Limitless or without bounds; unrestricted.
  • whale /ˈweɪl/ (nom) — baleine. Any large cetacean, usually with the exclusion of dolphins and porpoises.
  • peanut /ˈpiˌnʌt/ (nom) — arachide, cacahuète. A legume resembling a nut, the fruit of the plant Arachis hypogaea, native to South America.
  • bark /bɑɹk/ (nom) — écorce. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree or of various other woody plants.

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

  • look at (verbe) — regarder. To observe or watch.
  • call for (verbe) — appeler. To shout out in order to summon (a person).
  • look for (verbe) — chercher, rechercher. To seek.
  • pass on (verbe) — transmettre, faire passer. To go forward.
  • think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbe) — penser à, réfléchir à. To ponder.

Prononciation à surveiller

Le locuteur utilise 18 contractions et formes réduites, comme we'll, doesn't, can't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.

  • Les sons « sh » et « zh »: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, sophistication /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
  • Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

  1. Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
  2. Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
  3. Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme communicate, characteristic, bee.

La grammaire de cette vidéo

Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :

StructureDans la vidéo
Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le faitis meant · is called · are also fairly skilled
Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenanthas identified · have made · have also invented

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →