Shadowing Practice: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - Learn English Speaking with Video
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How many of you have pets?
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They're great, aren't they?
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I've got a golden retriever myself, and often I feel that my dog is communicating with me.
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But do animals really communicate like we do?
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Well, Harvard professor Mark Hauser has identified several types of animal communication.
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And like humans, they do use sounds and nonverbal behavior to communicate.
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For instance, they convey information to one another, they establish and maintain social organization, and they express their perceptions of the world.
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So today we'll look at animal communication through the lens of human language.
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Specifically, we'll use four basic characteristics of human language to see how animal and human communication styles compare.
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I think that you'll be surprised at how sophisticated animal communication is.
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But ultimately, we'll see that human communication is far more flexible and better developed.
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Now the first characteristic we'll look at is arbitrariness.
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Arbitrariness means that there's no logical relationship between a sound and its meaning.
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For example, the word sky has no relationship with the thing it refers to, right?
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In comparison, a lot of animal communication is not arbitrary.
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For example, the growl of an angry dog is meant to very directly warn and threaten.
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There's nothing arbitrary about this message, right?
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However some animal communication is arbitrary, albeit to a limited degree.
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For example, meerkats, a small African animal, can make about 20 distinct sounds.
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They use one alarm call for snakes, another for eagles, and yet another for large cats, just to name a few, okay?
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This is impressive, but human languages are far more flexible because they have a wide range of sounds.
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English, for example, has more than 40 distinct sounds, such as ah, kuh, or t.
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And we can make an unlimited number of arbitrary words by altering these sounds, far more than any animal.
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The second characteristic of human language we'll compare is displacement.
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Displacement is communicating ideas about things that are not physically present.
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For example, if you talk about what you did last weekend, that's displacement.
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Now, can animals do this?
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Well, often the answer is they can't.
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For instance, if your dog doesn't like the neighbor cat, maybe it barks when it sees the cat.
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But when the cat isn't around, the dog doesn't bark.
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It doesn't communicate its dislike of the cat.
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This shows that the dog doesn't have the capacity for displacement.
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Well, one exception to this is bees.
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Many types of bees use displacement in their dances.
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Through these dances, they're able to communicate to other bees the distance, direction, quality, and quantity of a food source.
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The meaning of the dance is so clear and so precise
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that even scientists researching bee dances can interpret exactly where the food is.
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In any case, although I think that the bees is an excellent example of the sophistication of animal communication,
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in general, animals' use of displacement is extremely limited compared to humans.
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Think about books, magazines, and the internet.
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I mean, everything that we read involves displacement, as do most of our conversations.
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The third characteristic of human language that I want to consider is called cultural transmission, the idea that language is passed from one generation to the next.
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Now, obviously, humans excel at this, but what about animals?
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Well, some animals are also fairly skilled at passing language on to their young.
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A good example of this is the killer whale.
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They live in groups, and different groups develop different accents, just like people.
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The accents are passed from older to younger killer whales.
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Well, this is yet another example of the sophistication of some animal communication.
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However, once again, what we see is that while animal and human communication share similarities,
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similarities, the characteristics that we are looking for are far more developed in humans.
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For example, in addition to accents, humans also pass on extremely large vocabularies and complex grammar.
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The fourth and last characteristic that we'll talk about today is called discreteness.
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This means that language is made up of discrete units that can be combined in different ways to create different meanings.
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As humans, we do this by using sounds to make words and using grammar to arrange those words into sentences.
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The best example we have of animals using discreteness is from chimpanzees raised in captivity.
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Using a keyboard, chimps have made requests for food by typing, raisin peanut, which seemed to mean raisins and peanuts.
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Chimps have also invented phrases that describe things.
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For example, one chimp called watermelon drink fruit.
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Clever, huh?
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But while this is fairly impressive, one major problem with the chimpanzees' use of language is that their word order is quite random.
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So most linguists would say that the chimpanzees really do not understand and use grammar in the way that humans do, and therefore can't be said to use discreteness.
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In the use of discreteness, we see that humans have a huge advantage over animals.
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allows us to make complex words and sentences that communicate an unlimited number of meanings.
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And this is one of the really impressive, actually amazing aspects of human communication.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Este vídeo tiene 64 frases y 853 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 5:50. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 146 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. El 82 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras menos comunes del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
- displacement /dɪsˈpleɪsmɪnt/ (sustantivo) — desplazamiento. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced; a putting out of place.
- characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (sustantivo) — característica. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
- bee /ˈbiː/ (sustantivo) — abeja. A flying insect, of the clade Anthophila within the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for…
- arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/ (adjetivo) — arbitrario. Based on individual discretion or judgment; not based on any objective distinction, perhaps even made at random.
- impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/ (adjetivo) — impresionante. Making, or tending to make, a positive impression; having power to impress.
- compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (verbo) — comparar, parangonar. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
- grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ (sustantivo) — gramática. A system of rules and principles for the structure of a language, or of languages in general.
- accent /ækˈsɛnt/ (sustantivo) — acento léxico. A higher-pitched or stronger (louder or longer) articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to…
- killer /ˈkɪlɚ/ (sustantivo) — matador, matadora. One who or that which kills.
- distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ (adjetivo) — distinto. Capable of being perceived very clearly.
- flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (adjetivo) — flexible, doblegable. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
- unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/ (adjetivo) — ilimitado, sin límite. Limitless or without bounds; unrestricted.
- whale /ˈweɪl/ (sustantivo) — ballena. Any large cetacean, usually with the exclusion of dolphins and porpoises.
- peanut /ˈpiˌnʌt/ (sustantivo) — maní, cacahuate. A legume resembling a nut, the fruit of the plant Arachis hypogaea, native to South America.
- bark /bɑɹk/ (sustantivo) — corteza. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree or of various other woody plants.
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
- look at (verbo) — mirar, funar. To observe or watch.
- talk about (verbo) — hablar de, hablar sobre. Used to draw attention to the speaker's characterization of someone or something.
- call for (verbo) — llamar. To shout out in order to summon (a person).
- look for (verbo) — buscar, lambisquear. To seek.
- pass on (verbo) — pasar. To go forward.
- think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbo) — pensar en, ocurrírsele. To ponder.
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 18 contracciones y formas reducidas, como we'll, doesn't, can't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, sophistication /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como displacement, characteristic, bee.
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | is meant · is called · are passed |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | has identified · have made · have also invented |
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.