Shadowing Practice: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - Learn English Speaking with Video
Bir pratik modu seçin
Her mod tam ekran bir pratik odası açar.
64 cümleler
Cümleler çok kısa veya çok uzun ise, ayarlamak için Düzenle'ye tıklayın.
1
How many of you have pets?
2
They're great, aren't they?
3
I've got a golden retriever myself, and often I feel that my dog is communicating with me.
4
But do animals really communicate like we do?
5
Well, Harvard professor Mark Hauser has identified several types of animal communication.
6
And like humans, they do use sounds and nonverbal behavior to communicate.
7
For instance, they convey information to one another, they establish and maintain social organization, and they express their perceptions of the world.
8
So today we'll look at animal communication through the lens of human language.
9
Specifically, we'll use four basic characteristics of human language to see how animal and human communication styles compare.
10
I think that you'll be surprised at how sophisticated animal communication is.
11
But ultimately, we'll see that human communication is far more flexible and better developed.
12
Now the first characteristic we'll look at is arbitrariness.
13
Arbitrariness means that there's no logical relationship between a sound and its meaning.
14
For example, the word sky has no relationship with the thing it refers to, right?
15
In comparison, a lot of animal communication is not arbitrary.
16
For example, the growl of an angry dog is meant to very directly warn and threaten.
17
There's nothing arbitrary about this message, right?
18
However some animal communication is arbitrary, albeit to a limited degree.
19
For example, meerkats, a small African animal, can make about 20 distinct sounds.
20
They use one alarm call for snakes, another for eagles, and yet another for large cats, just to name a few, okay?
21
This is impressive, but human languages are far more flexible because they have a wide range of sounds.
22
English, for example, has more than 40 distinct sounds, such as ah, kuh, or t.
23
And we can make an unlimited number of arbitrary words by altering these sounds, far more than any animal.
24
The second characteristic of human language we'll compare is displacement.
25
Displacement is communicating ideas about things that are not physically present.
26
For example, if you talk about what you did last weekend, that's displacement.
27
Now, can animals do this?
28
Well, often the answer is they can't.
29
For instance, if your dog doesn't like the neighbor cat, maybe it barks when it sees the cat.
30
But when the cat isn't around, the dog doesn't bark.
31
It doesn't communicate its dislike of the cat.
32
This shows that the dog doesn't have the capacity for displacement.
33
Well, one exception to this is bees.
34
Many types of bees use displacement in their dances.
35
Through these dances, they're able to communicate to other bees the distance, direction, quality, and quantity of a food source.
36
The meaning of the dance is so clear and so precise
37
that even scientists researching bee dances can interpret exactly where the food is.
38
In any case, although I think that the bees is an excellent example of the sophistication of animal communication,
39
in general, animals' use of displacement is extremely limited compared to humans.
40
Think about books, magazines, and the internet.
41
I mean, everything that we read involves displacement, as do most of our conversations.
42
The third characteristic of human language that I want to consider is called cultural transmission, the idea that language is passed from one generation to the next.
43
Now, obviously, humans excel at this, but what about animals?
44
Well, some animals are also fairly skilled at passing language on to their young.
45
A good example of this is the killer whale.
46
They live in groups, and different groups develop different accents, just like people.
47
The accents are passed from older to younger killer whales.
48
Well, this is yet another example of the sophistication of some animal communication.
49
However, once again, what we see is that while animal and human communication share similarities,
50
similarities, the characteristics that we are looking for are far more developed in humans.
51
For example, in addition to accents, humans also pass on extremely large vocabularies and complex grammar.
52
The fourth and last characteristic that we'll talk about today is called discreteness.
53
This means that language is made up of discrete units that can be combined in different ways to create different meanings.
54
As humans, we do this by using sounds to make words and using grammar to arrange those words into sentences.
55
The best example we have of animals using discreteness is from chimpanzees raised in captivity.
56
Using a keyboard, chimps have made requests for food by typing, raisin peanut, which seemed to mean raisins and peanuts.
57
Chimps have also invented phrases that describe things.
58
For example, one chimp called watermelon drink fruit.
59
Clever, huh?
60
But while this is fairly impressive, one major problem with the chimpanzees' use of language is that their word order is quite random.
61
So most linguists would say that the chimpanzees really do not understand and use grammar in the way that humans do, and therefore can't be said to use discreteness.
62
In the use of discreteness, we see that humans have a huge advantage over animals.
63
allows us to make complex words and sentences that communicate an unlimited number of meanings.
64
And this is one of the really impressive, actually amazing aspects of human communication.
Uygulamayı İndir
Akıcı konuşmak için ihtiyacınız olan her şey
AI TelaffuzHer cümleyi puanla
IPA AlıştırmasıHer sesi ustalaştır
Kelime BilgisiKelime bankanızı oluşturun
Kelime OyunuOynarken öğrenin
Aynı Kanal
B215
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 10 ECONOMICS THE EVOLUTION OF MONEY
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C16
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 3 SOCIOLOGY ONLINE COMMUNITIES
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B210
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C18
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 7 TECHNOLOGY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B22
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 6 HISTORY THE SILK ROAD
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C18
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 12 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION RISK MANAGEMENT
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
FOR YOU
Video Öner
C11
97 cümleler
Pragmatics: Crash Course Linguistics #6
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C19
58 cümleler
Luyên nghe tiêng anh- buổi 4- the ecological importance bees
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C115
76 cümleler
Contemporary Topics 2 Unit 2 Lecture with Powerpoint
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B26
207 cümleler
IELTS ASMR Podcast #10 - Luyện nghe thụ động | Phụ đề Anh & Việt
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
69 cümleler
Steven Pinker: Linguistics as a Window to Understanding the Brain | Big Think
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B24
116 cümleler
Vocabulary for IELTS - Unit 6 Effective Communication II (Band 5.5 ~ 6.5+) 🔔
IELTS PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
233 cümleler
Are we WRONG about most FAMOUS LINGUISTICS experiment??
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B22
36 cümleler
Luyện tư duy qua đề thi mẫu hskk " Thời đại thức ăn nhanh "
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
120 cümleler
IELTS English Podcast - Speaking Topic: Animals
IELTS PrepCambridge Exam PrepUniversity Students
C18
51 cümleler
IFO | Bài phát biểu xứng tầm 9.0 của sinh viên trường Thanh Hoa | Full Eng-Vie sub
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C129
90 cümleler
Dolphin Intelligence: IELTS LISTENING Vol 7 Test 1 Section 4 (IELTS Listening Recent Actual Test)
IELTS PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 64 cümle ve 853 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 5:50 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 146 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin %82’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan daha az kullanılan 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
- bee /ˈbiː/ (isim) — arı. A flying insect, of the clade Anthophila within the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for…
- arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/ (sıfat) — keyfî, isteğe bağlı. Based on individual discretion or judgment; not based on any objective distinction, perhaps even made at random.
- impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/ (sıfat) — etkileyici. Making, or tending to make, a positive impression; having power to impress.
- compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (fiil) — karşılaştırmak, kıyaslamak. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
- grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ (isim) — dil bilgisi, gramer. A system of rules and principles for the structure of a language, or of languages in general.
- accent /ækˈsɛnt/ (isim) — vurgu, tonlama. A higher-pitched or stronger (louder or longer) articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to…
- killer /ˈkɪlɚ/ (isim) — katil. One who or that which kills.
- flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (sıfat) — esnek, bükülgen. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
- unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/ (sıfat) — sonsuz, sınırsız. Limitless or without bounds; unrestricted.
- whale /ˈweɪl/ (isim) — balina. Any large cetacean, usually with the exclusion of dolphins and porpoises.
- peanut /ˈpiˌnʌt/ (isim) — yer fıstığı, araşit. A legume resembling a nut, the fruit of the plant Arachis hypogaea, native to South America.
- bark /bɑɹk/ (isim) — ağaç kabuğu, kabuk. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree or of various other woody plants.
- similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/ (isim) — benzerlik. Closeness of appearance to something else.
- establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ (fiil) — yerleştirmek. To make stable or firm; to confirm.
- pet /pɛt/ (isim) — evcil hayvan. An animal kept as a companion or otherwise for pleasure, rather than for some practical benefit or use.
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
- look at (fiil) — bakmak. To observe or watch.
- look for (fiil) — aramak. To seek.
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı we'll, doesn't, can't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 18 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, sophistication /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; bee, arbitrary, impressive gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | is meant · is called · are passed |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | has identified · have made · have also invented |
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.