Практика Shadowing: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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How many of you have pets?

Сколько из вас есть домашние животные?

They're great, aren't they?

I've got a golden retriever myself, and often I feel that my dog is communicating with me.

But do animals really communicate like we do?

Well, Harvard professor Mark Hauser has identified several types of animal communication.

And like humans, they do use sounds and nonverbal behavior to communicate.

For instance, they convey information to one another, they establish and maintain social organization, and they express their perceptions of the world.

So today we'll look at animal communication through the lens of human language.

Specifically, we'll use four basic characteristics of human language to see how animal and human communication styles compare.

I think that you'll be surprised at how sophisticated animal communication is.

But ultimately, we'll see that human communication is far more flexible and better developed.

Now the first characteristic we'll look at is arbitrariness.

Arbitrariness means that there's no logical relationship between a sound and its meaning.

For example, the word sky has no relationship with the thing it refers to, right?

In comparison, a lot of animal communication is not arbitrary.

For example, the growl of an angry dog is meant to very directly warn and threaten.

There's nothing arbitrary about this message, right?

However some animal communication is arbitrary, albeit to a limited degree.

For example, meerkats, a small African animal, can make about 20 distinct sounds.

They use one alarm call for snakes, another for eagles, and yet another for large cats, just to name a few, okay?

This is impressive, but human languages are far more flexible because they have a wide range of sounds.

English, for example, has more than 40 distinct sounds, such as ah, kuh, or t.

And we can make an unlimited number of arbitrary words by altering these sounds, far more than any animal.

The second characteristic of human language we'll compare is displacement.

Displacement is communicating ideas about things that are not physically present.

For example, if you talk about what you did last weekend, that's displacement.

Now, can animals do this?

Well, often the answer is they can't.

For instance, if your dog doesn't like the neighbor cat, maybe it barks when it sees the cat.

But when the cat isn't around, the dog doesn't bark.

It doesn't communicate its dislike of the cat.

This shows that the dog doesn't have the capacity for displacement.

Well, one exception to this is bees.

Many types of bees use displacement in their dances.

Through these dances, they're able to communicate to other bees the distance, direction, quality, and quantity of a food source.

The meaning of the dance is so clear and so precise

that even scientists researching bee dances can interpret exactly where the food is.

In any case, although I think that the bees is an excellent example of the sophistication of animal communication,

in general, animals' use of displacement is extremely limited compared to humans.

Think about books, magazines, and the internet.

I mean, everything that we read involves displacement, as do most of our conversations.

The third characteristic of human language that I want to consider is called cultural transmission, the idea that language is passed from one generation to the next.

Now, obviously, humans excel at this, but what about animals?

Well, some animals are also fairly skilled at passing language on to their young.

A good example of this is the killer whale.

They live in groups, and different groups develop different accents, just like people.

The accents are passed from older to younger killer whales.

Well, this is yet another example of the sophistication of some animal communication.

However, once again, what we see is that while animal and human communication share similarities,

similarities, the characteristics that we are looking for are far more developed in humans.

For example, in addition to accents, humans also pass on extremely large vocabularies and complex grammar.

The fourth and last characteristic that we'll talk about today is called discreteness.

This means that language is made up of discrete units that can be combined in different ways to create different meanings.

As humans, we do this by using sounds to make words and using grammar to arrange those words into sentences.

The best example we have of animals using discreteness is from chimpanzees raised in captivity.

Using a keyboard, chimps have made requests for food by typing, raisin peanut, which seemed to mean raisins and peanuts.

Chimps have also invented phrases that describe things.

For example, one chimp called watermelon drink fruit.

Clever, huh?

But while this is fairly impressive, one major problem with the chimpanzees' use of language is that their word order is quite random.

So most linguists would say that the chimpanzees really do not understand and use grammar in the way that humans do, and therefore can't be said to use discreteness.

In the use of discreteness, we see that humans have a huge advantage over animals.

allows us to make complex words and sentences that communicate an unlimited number of meanings.

And this is one of the really impressive, actually amazing aspects of human communication.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

В этом видео 64 предложений и 853 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 5:50. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 146 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. 82% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 менее частых слов из видео с произношением и значением:

communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/ (глагол) — сообща́ть, сообщи́ть. To impart or transmit (information or knowledge) to someone; to make known, to tell.
displacement /dɪsˈpleɪsmɪnt/ (существительное) — смеще́ние, перемеще́ние. The act of displacing, or the state of being displaced; a putting out of place.
characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (существительное) — характе́рная черта́, отличи́тельная черта́. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
bee /ˈbiː/ (существительное) — пчела́. A flying insect, of the clade Anthophila within the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for…
arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/ (прилагательное) — произво́льный. Based on individual discretion or judgment; not based on any objective distinction, perhaps even made at random.
impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/ (прилагательное) — впечатля́ющий, внуши́тельный. Making, or tending to make, a positive impression; having power to impress.
compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (глагол) — сра́внивать, сравни́ть. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ (существительное) — грамма́тика. A system of rules and principles for the structure of a language, or of languages in general.
accent /ækˈsɛnt/ (существительное) — ударе́ние, акце́нт. A higher-pitched or stronger (louder or longer) articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to…
killer /ˈkɪlɚ/ (существительное) — уби́йца, ки́ллер. One who or that which kills.
distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ (прилагательное) — разбо́рчивый, отчётливый. Capable of being perceived very clearly.
flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (прилагательное) — ги́бкий. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/ (прилагательное) — неограни́ченный, безграни́чный. Limitless or without bounds; unrestricted.
whale /ˈweɪl/ (существительное) — кит. Any large cetacean, usually with the exclusion of dolphins and porpoises.
peanut /ˈpiˌnʌt/ (существительное) — ара́хис, земляно́й оре́х. A legume resembling a nut, the fruit of the plant Arachis hypogaea, native to South America.

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

talk about (глагол) — ну и, вот э́то. Used to draw attention to the speaker's characterization of someone or something.
look for (глагол) — иска́ть, поиска́ть. To seek.
pass on (глагол) — передава́ть, переда́ть. To go forward.
think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (глагол) — обду́мывать, обду́мать. To ponder.

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 18 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например we'll, doesn't, can't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, sophistication /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как communicate, displacement, characteristic.

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is meant · is called · are also fairly skilled
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	has identified · have made · have also invented

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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