Практика Shadowing: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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Hello.

Today I'd like us to concentrate on DNA.

We'll focus on DNA testing and specifically on DNA testing of people.

Before I explain how it's done, I want to review a bit from the reading.

Now, you'll recall that cells comprise every part of our body.

Our DNA is in every cell.

DNA contains genetic information like eye color, hair color, height, and many other traits passed down from a mother and a father to their child.

So, each of us has our own DNA, our own combination of genetic information from our parents.

For example, a brother and a sister may end up with the same color of eyes and hair.

However, other genetic information received from the parents will be different, which is why they look different.

For example, maybe the brother is short, like the mother, and the sister is tall, like the father.

Keep in mind that DNA is in every cell in the body

and that all of these cells contain the same genetic information.

Now, let's look at how DNA testing is used to identify people.

Scientists create a DNA profile, also called a DNA fingerprint.

To do this, they need DNA from the person.

They take samples from different parts of the body, like hair, blood, skin, fingernails, and body fluids.

Next, they extract the DNA from the cells in these samples.

Then, they read the DNA with a computer.

They use the data to create the DNA fingerprint.

Statistically, it's very unlikely that any two people will have identical fingerprints.

Now, let's ask, how is DNA testing used?

Well, there are many ways.

For example, to identify an unknown accident victim, or to find out who the father of a child is.

Now, here's an interesting one.

In 1999, scientists used DNA testing to prove that the son of the French king,

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, in fact, died in prison.

He didn't escape as some people had believed.

DNA testing identified the son's body.

People have been arguing about this for more than two centuries.

Another use of DNA testing is by police to solve crimes.

For example, say there's a murder.

The police have a suspect they think did it.

in the crime lab, scientists use DNA samples from the suspect and DNA samples from the evidence at the crime scene.

Then, they design what's called probes.

When the probes are put in with the DNA samples from the suspect and the DNA samples from the evidence,

the probes show if the two sets of samples match.

DNA identification is very effective, but not 100% foolproof.

For example, suppose the only evidence at the crime scene is blood from the suspect.

If there's a match between a sample of the crime scene blood and the suspect's blood, this will help the police.

However, a single match from just blood, in this case, isn't very strong evidence.

In contrast, let's say the crime lab has four samples from the crime scene and four samples from the suspect.

Hair, blood, fingernails, and skin samples.

They design four probes, one for each sample, and they get four matches.

Bingo!

The police can now feel more confident that they have the right suspect.

Why?

Remember, I said DNA is in every cell in our body, and each cell contains all of our unique genetic information.

Now, let's turn to how DNA testing is used in the medical field.

Here, let's consider how genetics is being used to diagnose diseases.

With diseases, most DNA tests are given for one of two reasons.

either to find out if someone has a certain disease or to see if the person is at risk for developing it.

Researchers have found more than 6,000 genetic disorders.

A genetic disorder means something isn't normal in the person's genes, a mutation.

A change in one gene can cause a disease

and a DNA test can and show

if someone has a mutation in a gene that puts them at risk for the disease.

Notice, I'm not saying that a change in one gene will cause a disease, only that the risk is higher.

We're learning more and more every day about genetic diseases.

For example, it now appears that the disease Alzheimer's, which damages memory in older people, is linked to our genes.

So, we have to ask, what are the pros and cons of DNA testing in medicine.

On the positive side, testing might save lives.

If a doctor can diagnose a disease in its early stages, the patient can get treated earlier.

Or, if a couple wants to have a baby,

they can use DNA testing to find out beforehand if any risks for problems or diseases exist.

On the negative side, there's the issue of fairness.

What happens if DNA testing reveals that we have a genetic disorder that could cause a disease, and that information becomes known?

This brings us to some concerns about privacy.

A DNA profile contains a lot of personal information.

So I'd like you to think about the following questions.

One, who should own the DNA fingerprint once it's made?

Two, who should have access to it?

3. How should genetic information be used? And 4.

Would you want people, especially people you don't know, to have access to your DNA fingerprint?

These are some of the ethical questions we face about how to use the scientific knowledge we have.

So, please give these questions some thought as you review the lecture.

That's all for now.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING». Чаще всего повторяются слова: Dna, sample, testing, genetic, disease. В этом видео 77 предложений и 920 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 7:13. Говорящий держит ровный темп — около 128 слов в минуту, удобный для шедоуинга. 86% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
fingerprint существительное	/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌpɹɪnt/	отпеча́ток па́льца, отпеча́ток
probe существительное	/pɹoʊb/	зонд, щуп
diagnose глагол	/ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/	диагности́ровать
fingernail существительное	/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌneɪl/	но́готь, но́гти
mutation существительное	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	мута́ция
comprise глагол	/kəmˈpɹaɪz/	содержа́ть
beforehand наречие	/bɪˈfɔɹhænd/	зара́нее, заблаговре́менно
statistically наречие	/stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kə.li/	статисти́чески
trait существительное	/tɹeɪt/	черта́, осо́бенность
bingo существительное	/ˈbɪŋ.ɡoʊ/	би́нго
fairness существительное	/ˈfɛɚ.nəs/	справедли́вость, беспристра́стие
genetics существительное	/dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/	гене́тика
researcher существительное	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	иссле́дователь, иссле́довательница
extract существительное	/ˈɛkstɹækt/	экстра́кт, извлече́ние
ethical прилагательное	/ˈɛθɪkəl/	эти́ческий

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
find out глагол	узнава́ть, узна́ть

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 10 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например I'd, isn't, didn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: statistically /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kə.li/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Повторяйте предложение за предложением на обычной скорости, пока ваш ритм не совпадёт с ритмом говорящего.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как fingerprint, probe, diagnose.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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Практика Shadowing: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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