Shadowing Practice: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Hello.
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Today I'd like us to concentrate on DNA.
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We'll focus on DNA testing and specifically on DNA testing of people.
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Before I explain how it's done, I want to review a bit from the reading.
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Now, you'll recall that cells comprise every part of our body.
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Our DNA is in every cell.
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DNA contains genetic information like eye color, hair color, height, and many other traits passed down from a mother and a father to their child.
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So, each of us has our own DNA, our own combination of genetic information from our parents.
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For example, a brother and a sister may end up with the same color of eyes and hair.
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However, other genetic information received from the parents will be different, which is why they look different.
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For example, maybe the brother is short, like the mother, and the sister is tall, like the father.
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Keep in mind that DNA is in every cell in the body
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and that all of these cells contain the same genetic information.
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Now, let's look at how DNA testing is used to identify people.
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Scientists create a DNA profile, also called a DNA fingerprint.
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To do this, they need DNA from the person.
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They take samples from different parts of the body, like hair, blood, skin, fingernails, and body fluids.
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Next, they extract the DNA from the cells in these samples.
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Then, they read the DNA with a computer.
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They use the data to create the DNA fingerprint.
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Statistically, it's very unlikely that any two people will have identical fingerprints.
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Now, let's ask, how is DNA testing used?
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Well, there are many ways.
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For example, to identify an unknown accident victim, or to find out who the father of a child is.
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Now, here's an interesting one.
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In 1999, scientists used DNA testing to prove that the son of the French king,
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Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, in fact, died in prison.
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He didn't escape as some people had believed.
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DNA testing identified the son's body.
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People have been arguing about this for more than two centuries.
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Another use of DNA testing is by police to solve crimes.
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For example, say there's a murder.
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The police have a suspect they think did it.
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in the crime lab, scientists use DNA samples from the suspect and DNA samples from the evidence at the crime scene.
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Then, they design what's called probes.
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When the probes are put in with the DNA samples from the suspect and the DNA samples from the evidence,
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the probes show if the two sets of samples match.
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DNA identification is very effective, but not 100% foolproof.
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For example, suppose the only evidence at the crime scene is blood from the suspect.
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If there's a match between a sample of the crime scene blood and the suspect's blood, this will help the police.
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However, a single match from just blood, in this case, isn't very strong evidence.
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In contrast, let's say the crime lab has four samples from the crime scene and four samples from the suspect.
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Hair, blood, fingernails, and skin samples.
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They design four probes, one for each sample, and they get four matches.
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Bingo!
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The police can now feel more confident that they have the right suspect.
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Why?
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Remember, I said DNA is in every cell in our body, and each cell contains all of our unique genetic information.
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Now, let's turn to how DNA testing is used in the medical field.
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Here, let's consider how genetics is being used to diagnose diseases.
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With diseases, most DNA tests are given for one of two reasons.
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either to find out if someone has a certain disease or to see if the person is at risk for developing it.
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Researchers have found more than 6,000 genetic disorders.
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A genetic disorder means something isn't normal in the person's genes, a mutation.
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A change in one gene can cause a disease
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and a DNA test can and show
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if someone has a mutation in a gene that puts them at risk for the disease.
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Notice, I'm not saying that a change in one gene will cause a disease, only that the risk is higher.
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We're learning more and more every day about genetic diseases.
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For example, it now appears that the disease Alzheimer's, which damages memory in older people, is linked to our genes.
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So, we have to ask, what are the pros and cons of DNA testing in medicine.
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On the positive side, testing might save lives.
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If a doctor can diagnose a disease in its early stages, the patient can get treated earlier.
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Or, if a couple wants to have a baby,
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they can use DNA testing to find out beforehand if any risks for problems or diseases exist.
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On the negative side, there's the issue of fairness.
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What happens if DNA testing reveals that we have a genetic disorder that could cause a disease, and that information becomes known?
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This brings us to some concerns about privacy.
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A DNA profile contains a lot of personal information.
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So I'd like you to think about the following questions.
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One, who should own the DNA fingerprint once it's made?
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Two, who should have access to it?
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3. How should genetic information be used? And 4.
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Would you want people, especially people you don't know, to have access to your DNA fingerprint?
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These are some of the ethical questions we face about how to use the scientific knowledge we have.
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So, please give these questions some thought as you review the lecture.
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That's all for now.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau B2 is gebaseerd op de video “CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: Dna, sample, testing, genetic, disease. Deze video bevat 77 zinnen en 920 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 7:13. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 128 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. 86% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 15 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| fingerprint zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfɪŋɡɚˌpɹɪnt/ | vingerafdruk |
| diagnose werkwoord | /ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/ | diagnosticeren |
| fingernail zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfɪŋɡɚˌneɪl/ | vingernagel, nagel |
| mutation zelfstandig naamwoord | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutatie |
| foolproof bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈfuːl ˌpɹuːf/ | onfeilbaar, kogelbestendig |
| comprise werkwoord | /kəmˈpɹaɪz/ | bevatten, omvatten |
| beforehand bijwoord | /bɪˈfɔɹhænd/ | vooraf, op voorhand |
| statistically bijwoord | /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kə.li/ | statistisch gezien |
| trait zelfstandig naamwoord | /tɹeɪt/ | karaktereigenschap trek |
| bingo zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈbɪŋ.ɡoʊ/ | bingo |
| genetics zelfstandig naamwoord | /dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/ | genetica, erfelijkheidsleer |
| researcher zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | onderzoeker |
| extract zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɛkstɹækt/ | fragment |
| ethical bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈɛθɪkəl/ | ethisch |
| concentrate werkwoord | /ˈkɑn.sən.tɹeɪt/ | concentreren |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| find out werkwoord | ontdekken, onderzoeken |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 10 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals I'd, isn't, didn't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: statistically /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kə.li/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als fingerprint, diagnose, fingernail.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.