跟讀練習: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Hello.

Today I'd like us to concentrate on DNA.

We'll focus on DNA testing and specifically on DNA testing of people.

Before I explain how it's done, I want to review a bit from the reading.

Now, you'll recall that cells comprise every part of our body.

Our DNA is in every cell.

DNA contains genetic information like eye color, hair color, height, and many other traits passed down from a mother and a father to their child.

So, each of us has our own DNA, our own combination of genetic information from our parents.

For example, a brother and a sister may end up with the same color of eyes and hair.

However, other genetic information received from the parents will be different, which is why they look different.

For example, maybe the brother is short, like the mother, and the sister is tall, like the father.

Keep in mind that DNA is in every cell in the body

and that all of these cells contain the same genetic information.

Now, let's look at how DNA testing is used to identify people.

Scientists create a DNA profile, also called a DNA fingerprint.

To do this, they need DNA from the person.

They take samples from different parts of the body, like hair, blood, skin, fingernails, and body fluids.

Next, they extract the DNA from the cells in these samples.

Then, they read the DNA with a computer.

They use the data to create the DNA fingerprint.

Statistically, it's very unlikely that any two people will have identical fingerprints.

Now, let's ask, how is DNA testing used?

Well, there are many ways.

For example, to identify an unknown accident victim, or to find out who the father of a child is.

Now, here's an interesting one.

In 1999, scientists used DNA testing to prove that the son of the French king,

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, in fact, died in prison.

He didn't escape as some people had believed.

DNA testing identified the son's body.

People have been arguing about this for more than two centuries.

Another use of DNA testing is by police to solve crimes.

For example, say there's a murder.

The police have a suspect they think did it.

in the crime lab, scientists use DNA samples from the suspect and DNA samples from the evidence at the crime scene.

Then, they design what's called probes.

When the probes are put in with the DNA samples from the suspect and the DNA samples from the evidence,

the probes show if the two sets of samples match.

DNA identification is very effective, but not 100% foolproof.

For example, suppose the only evidence at the crime scene is blood from the suspect.

If there's a match between a sample of the crime scene blood and the suspect's blood, this will help the police.

However, a single match from just blood, in this case, isn't very strong evidence.

In contrast, let's say the crime lab has four samples from the crime scene and four samples from the suspect.

Hair, blood, fingernails, and skin samples.

They design four probes, one for each sample, and they get four matches.

Bingo!

The police can now feel more confident that they have the right suspect.

Why?

Remember, I said DNA is in every cell in our body, and each cell contains all of our unique genetic information.

Now, let's turn to how DNA testing is used in the medical field.

Here, let's consider how genetics is being used to diagnose diseases.

With diseases, most DNA tests are given for one of two reasons.

either to find out if someone has a certain disease or to see if the person is at risk for developing it.

Researchers have found more than 6,000 genetic disorders.

A genetic disorder means something isn't normal in the person's genes, a mutation.

A change in one gene can cause a disease

and a DNA test can and show

if someone has a mutation in a gene that puts them at risk for the disease.

Notice, I'm not saying that a change in one gene will cause a disease, only that the risk is higher.

We're learning more and more every day about genetic diseases.

For example, it now appears that the disease Alzheimer's, which damages memory in older people, is linked to our genes.

So, we have to ask, what are the pros and cons of DNA testing in medicine.

On the positive side, testing might save lives.

If a doctor can diagnose a disease in its early stages, the patient can get treated earlier.

Or, if a couple wants to have a baby,

they can use DNA testing to find out beforehand if any risks for problems or diseases exist.

On the negative side, there's the issue of fairness.

What happens if DNA testing reveals that we have a genetic disorder that could cause a disease, and that information becomes known?

This brings us to some concerns about privacy.

A DNA profile contains a lot of personal information.

So I'd like you to think about the following questions.

One, who should own the DNA fingerprint once it's made?

Two, who should have access to it?

3. How should genetic information be used? And 4.

Would you want people, especially people you don't know, to have access to your DNA fingerprint?

These are some of the ethical questions we face about how to use the scientific knowledge we have.

So, please give these questions some thought as you review the lecture.

That's all for now.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 B2 級別的口語課以影片“CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：Dna, sample, testing, genetic, disease。這段影片共有 77 個句子、920 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 7:13。說話人語速平穩，每分鐘約 128 個詞，很適合跟讀。 86% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
fingerprint 名詞	/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌpɹɪnt/	指紋 /指紋
diagnose 動詞	/ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/	診斷 /診斷
fingernail 名詞	/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌneɪl/	指甲, 手指甲
mutation 名詞	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	突變 /突變, 變種 /變種
foolproof 形容詞	/ˈfuːl ˌpɹuːf/	防呆
beforehand 副詞	/bɪˈfɔɹhænd/	提前, 事先
trait 名詞	/tɹeɪt/	特徵 /特徵
bingo 名詞	/ˈbɪŋ.ɡoʊ/	賓果 /賓果, 賓果遊戲 /賓果遊戲
genetics 名詞	/dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/	遺傳學 /遺傳學
researcher 名詞	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員 /研究員, 研究者
extract 名詞	/ˈɛkstɹækt/	精
ethical 形容詞	/ˈɛθɪkəl/	道德的
concentrate 動詞	/ˈkɑn.sən.tɹeɪt/	集中
lecture 名詞	/ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/	演講 /演講
identification 名詞	/aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/	辨識 /辨識, 鑑定 /鑑定

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
find out 動詞	找出, 查明

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 10 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 I'd, isn't, didn't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
長單詞——注意重音位置: statistically /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kə.li/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 fingerprint, diagnose, fingernail 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - 通過影片學習英語口語

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