跟读练习: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Hello.

Today I'd like us to concentrate on DNA.

We'll focus on DNA testing and specifically on DNA testing of people.

Before I explain how it's done, I want to review a bit from the reading.

Now, you'll recall that cells comprise every part of our body.

Our DNA is in every cell.

DNA contains genetic information like eye color, hair color, height, and many other traits passed down from a mother and a father to their child.

So, each of us has our own DNA, our own combination of genetic information from our parents.

For example, a brother and a sister may end up with the same color of eyes and hair.

However, other genetic information received from the parents will be different, which is why they look different.

For example, maybe the brother is short, like the mother, and the sister is tall, like the father.

Keep in mind that DNA is in every cell in the body

and that all of these cells contain the same genetic information.

Now, let's look at how DNA testing is used to identify people.

Scientists create a DNA profile, also called a DNA fingerprint.

To do this, they need DNA from the person.

They take samples from different parts of the body, like hair, blood, skin, fingernails, and body fluids.

Next, they extract the DNA from the cells in these samples.

Then, they read the DNA with a computer.

They use the data to create the DNA fingerprint.

Statistically, it's very unlikely that any two people will have identical fingerprints.

Now, let's ask, how is DNA testing used?

Well, there are many ways.

For example, to identify an unknown accident victim, or to find out who the father of a child is.

Now, here's an interesting one.

In 1999, scientists used DNA testing to prove that the son of the French king,

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, in fact, died in prison.

He didn't escape as some people had believed.

DNA testing identified the son's body.

People have been arguing about this for more than two centuries.

Another use of DNA testing is by police to solve crimes.

For example, say there's a murder.

The police have a suspect they think did it.

in the crime lab, scientists use DNA samples from the suspect and DNA samples from the evidence at the crime scene.

Then, they design what's called probes.

When the probes are put in with the DNA samples from the suspect and the DNA samples from the evidence,

the probes show if the two sets of samples match.

DNA identification is very effective, but not 100% foolproof.

For example, suppose the only evidence at the crime scene is blood from the suspect.

If there's a match between a sample of the crime scene blood and the suspect's blood, this will help the police.

However, a single match from just blood, in this case, isn't very strong evidence.

In contrast, let's say the crime lab has four samples from the crime scene and four samples from the suspect.

Hair, blood, fingernails, and skin samples.

They design four probes, one for each sample, and they get four matches.

Bingo!

The police can now feel more confident that they have the right suspect.

Why?

Remember, I said DNA is in every cell in our body, and each cell contains all of our unique genetic information.

Now, let's turn to how DNA testing is used in the medical field.

Here, let's consider how genetics is being used to diagnose diseases.

With diseases, most DNA tests are given for one of two reasons.

either to find out if someone has a certain disease or to see if the person is at risk for developing it.

Researchers have found more than 6,000 genetic disorders.

A genetic disorder means something isn't normal in the person's genes, a mutation.

A change in one gene can cause a disease

and a DNA test can and show

if someone has a mutation in a gene that puts them at risk for the disease.

Notice, I'm not saying that a change in one gene will cause a disease, only that the risk is higher.

We're learning more and more every day about genetic diseases.

For example, it now appears that the disease Alzheimer's, which damages memory in older people, is linked to our genes.

So, we have to ask, what are the pros and cons of DNA testing in medicine.

On the positive side, testing might save lives.

If a doctor can diagnose a disease in its early stages, the patient can get treated earlier.

Or, if a couple wants to have a baby,

they can use DNA testing to find out beforehand if any risks for problems or diseases exist.

On the negative side, there's the issue of fairness.

What happens if DNA testing reveals that we have a genetic disorder that could cause a disease, and that information becomes known?

This brings us to some concerns about privacy.

A DNA profile contains a lot of personal information.

So I'd like you to think about the following questions.

One, who should own the DNA fingerprint once it's made?

Two, who should have access to it?

3. How should genetic information be used? And 4.

Would you want people, especially people you don't know, to have access to your DNA fingerprint?

These are some of the ethical questions we face about how to use the scientific knowledge we have.

So, please give these questions some thought as you review the lecture.

That's all for now.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节 B2 级别的口语课以视频“CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：Dna, sample, testing, genetic, disease。这段视频共有 77 个句子、920 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 7:13。说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 128 个词，很适合跟读。 86% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
fingerprint 名词	/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌpɹɪnt/	指紋 /指纹
diagnose 动词	/ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/	診斷 /诊断
fingernail 名词	/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌneɪl/	指甲, 手指甲
mutation 名词	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	突變 /突变, 變種 /变种
foolproof 形容词	/ˈfuːl ˌpɹuːf/	防呆
beforehand 副词	/bɪˈfɔɹhænd/	提前, 事先
trait 名词	/tɹeɪt/	特徵 /特征
bingo 名词	/ˈbɪŋ.ɡoʊ/	賓果 /宾果, 賓果遊戲 /宾果游戏
genetics 名词	/dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/	遺傳學 /遗传学
researcher 名词	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員 /研究员, 研究者
extract 名词	/ˈɛkstɹækt/	精
ethical 形容词	/ˈɛθɪkəl/	道德的
concentrate 动词	/ˈkɑn.sən.tɹeɪt/	集中
lecture 名词	/ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/	演講 /演讲
identification 名词	/aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/	辨識 /辨识, 鑑定 /鉴定

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
find out 动词	找出, 查明

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 10 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 I'd, isn't, didn't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
长单词——注意重音位置: statistically /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kə.li/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 fingerprint, diagnose, fingernail 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - 通过视频学习英语口语

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