シャドーイング練習: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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Hello.

Today I'd like us to concentrate on DNA.

We'll focus on DNA testing and specifically on DNA testing of people.

Before I explain how it's done, I want to review a bit from the reading.

Now, you'll recall that cells comprise every part of our body.

Our DNA is in every cell.

DNA contains genetic information like eye color, hair color, height, and many other traits passed down from a mother and a father to their child.

So, each of us has our own DNA, our own combination of genetic information from our parents.

For example, a brother and a sister may end up with the same color of eyes and hair.

However, other genetic information received from the parents will be different, which is why they look different.

For example, maybe the brother is short, like the mother, and the sister is tall, like the father.

Keep in mind that DNA is in every cell in the body

and that all of these cells contain the same genetic information.

Now, let's look at how DNA testing is used to identify people.

Scientists create a DNA profile, also called a DNA fingerprint.

To do this, they need DNA from the person.

They take samples from different parts of the body, like hair, blood, skin, fingernails, and body fluids.

Next, they extract the DNA from the cells in these samples.

Then, they read the DNA with a computer.

They use the data to create the DNA fingerprint.

Statistically, it's very unlikely that any two people will have identical fingerprints.

Now, let's ask, how is DNA testing used?

Well, there are many ways.

For example, to identify an unknown accident victim, or to find out who the father of a child is.

Now, here's an interesting one.

In 1999, scientists used DNA testing to prove that the son of the French king,

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, in fact, died in prison.

He didn't escape as some people had believed.

DNA testing identified the son's body.

People have been arguing about this for more than two centuries.

Another use of DNA testing is by police to solve crimes.

For example, say there's a murder.

The police have a suspect they think did it.

in the crime lab, scientists use DNA samples from the suspect and DNA samples from the evidence at the crime scene.

Then, they design what's called probes.

When the probes are put in with the DNA samples from the suspect and the DNA samples from the evidence,

the probes show if the two sets of samples match.

DNA identification is very effective, but not 100% foolproof.

For example, suppose the only evidence at the crime scene is blood from the suspect.

If there's a match between a sample of the crime scene blood and the suspect's blood, this will help the police.

However, a single match from just blood, in this case, isn't very strong evidence.

In contrast, let's say the crime lab has four samples from the crime scene and four samples from the suspect.

Hair, blood, fingernails, and skin samples.

They design four probes, one for each sample, and they get four matches.

Bingo!

The police can now feel more confident that they have the right suspect.

Why?

Remember, I said DNA is in every cell in our body, and each cell contains all of our unique genetic information.

Now, let's turn to how DNA testing is used in the medical field.

Here, let's consider how genetics is being used to diagnose diseases.

With diseases, most DNA tests are given for one of two reasons.

either to find out if someone has a certain disease or to see if the person is at risk for developing it.

Researchers have found more than 6,000 genetic disorders.

A genetic disorder means something isn't normal in the person's genes, a mutation.

A change in one gene can cause a disease

and a DNA test can and show

if someone has a mutation in a gene that puts them at risk for the disease.

Notice, I'm not saying that a change in one gene will cause a disease, only that the risk is higher.

We're learning more and more every day about genetic diseases.

For example, it now appears that the disease Alzheimer's, which damages memory in older people, is linked to our genes.

So, we have to ask, what are the pros and cons of DNA testing in medicine.

On the positive side, testing might save lives.

If a doctor can diagnose a disease in its early stages, the patient can get treated earlier.

Or, if a couple wants to have a baby,

they can use DNA testing to find out beforehand if any risks for problems or diseases exist.

On the negative side, there's the issue of fairness.

What happens if DNA testing reveals that we have a genetic disorder that could cause a disease, and that information becomes known?

This brings us to some concerns about privacy.

A DNA profile contains a lot of personal information.

So I'd like you to think about the following questions.

One, who should own the DNA fingerprint once it's made?

Two, who should have access to it?

3. How should genetic information be used? And 4.

Would you want people, especially people you don't know, to have access to your DNA fingerprint?

These are some of the ethical questions we face about how to use the scientific knowledge we have.

So, please give these questions some thought as you review the lecture.

That's all for now.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このB2レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING」を教材にしています。繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：Dna, sample, testing, genetic, disease。この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が77文、単語が920語あります。音声の長さは7:13です。話す速さは1分あたり約128語で安定しており、シャドーイングしやすいペースです。単語の86%は英語の頻出3,000語に含まれます。残りは練習の前に確認しておきましょう。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語14語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語	発音	意味
fingerprint 名詞	/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌpɹɪnt/	指紋
diagnose 動詞	/ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/	診断する
fingernail 名詞	/ˈfɪŋɡɚˌneɪl/	爪, ツメ
mutation 名詞	/mjuˈteɪʃən/	変異, 突然変異
beforehand 副詞	/bɪˈfɔɹhænd/	予め
trait 名詞	/tɹeɪt/	特徴
bingo 名詞	/ˈbɪŋ.ɡoʊ/	ビンゴ
genetics 名詞	/dʒəˈnɛt.ɪks/	遺伝学
researcher 名詞	/ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/	研究員, 研究者
extract 名詞	/ˈɛkstɹækt/	エキス, 越幾斯
ethical 形容詞	/ˈɛθɪkəl/	倫理的な
concentrate 動詞	/ˈkɑn.sən.tɹeɪt/	集中させる
lecture 名詞	/ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/	講義
identification 名詞	/aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/	識別

動画に出てくる句動詞

単語	意味
find out 動詞	見出す, 調べる

注意したい発音

話し手はI'd, isn't, didn'tなど、短縮形や弱形を10回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

「sh」と「zh」の音: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: statistically /stəˈtɪs.tɪ.kə.li/, identification /aɪˌdɛn(t)ɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/

この動画での練習方法

まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。fingerprint, diagnose, fingernailなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS 2 UNIT 11 BIOLOGY DNA TESTING - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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