쉐도잉 연습: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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How many of you have pets?

They're great, aren't they?

I've got a golden retriever myself, and often I feel that my dog is communicating with me.

But do animals really communicate like we do?

Well, Harvard professor Mark Hauser has identified several types of animal communication.

And like humans, they do use sounds and nonverbal behavior to communicate.

For instance, they convey information to one another, they establish and maintain social organization, and they express their perceptions of the world.

So today we'll look at animal communication through the lens of human language.

Specifically, we'll use four basic characteristics of human language to see how animal and human communication styles compare.

I think that you'll be surprised at how sophisticated animal communication is.

But ultimately, we'll see that human communication is far more flexible and better developed.

Now the first characteristic we'll look at is arbitrariness.

Arbitrariness means that there's no logical relationship between a sound and its meaning.

For example, the word sky has no relationship with the thing it refers to, right?

In comparison, a lot of animal communication is not arbitrary.

For example, the growl of an angry dog is meant to very directly warn and threaten.

There's nothing arbitrary about this message, right?

However some animal communication is arbitrary, albeit to a limited degree.

For example, meerkats, a small African animal, can make about 20 distinct sounds.

They use one alarm call for snakes, another for eagles, and yet another for large cats, just to name a few, okay?

This is impressive, but human languages are far more flexible because they have a wide range of sounds.

English, for example, has more than 40 distinct sounds, such as ah, kuh, or t.

And we can make an unlimited number of arbitrary words by altering these sounds, far more than any animal.

The second characteristic of human language we'll compare is displacement.

Displacement is communicating ideas about things that are not physically present.

For example, if you talk about what you did last weekend, that's displacement.

Now, can animals do this?

Well, often the answer is they can't.

For instance, if your dog doesn't like the neighbor cat, maybe it barks when it sees the cat.

But when the cat isn't around, the dog doesn't bark.

It doesn't communicate its dislike of the cat.

This shows that the dog doesn't have the capacity for displacement.

Well, one exception to this is bees.

Many types of bees use displacement in their dances.

Through these dances, they're able to communicate to other bees the distance, direction, quality, and quantity of a food source.

The meaning of the dance is so clear and so precise

that even scientists researching bee dances can interpret exactly where the food is.

In any case, although I think that the bees is an excellent example of the sophistication of animal communication,

in general, animals' use of displacement is extremely limited compared to humans.

Think about books, magazines, and the internet.

I mean, everything that we read involves displacement, as do most of our conversations.

The third characteristic of human language that I want to consider is called cultural transmission, the idea that language is passed from one generation to the next.

Now, obviously, humans excel at this, but what about animals?

Well, some animals are also fairly skilled at passing language on to their young.

A good example of this is the killer whale.

They live in groups, and different groups develop different accents, just like people.

The accents are passed from older to younger killer whales.

Well, this is yet another example of the sophistication of some animal communication.

However, once again, what we see is that while animal and human communication share similarities,

similarities, the characteristics that we are looking for are far more developed in humans.

For example, in addition to accents, humans also pass on extremely large vocabularies and complex grammar.

The fourth and last characteristic that we'll talk about today is called discreteness.

This means that language is made up of discrete units that can be combined in different ways to create different meanings.

As humans, we do this by using sounds to make words and using grammar to arrange those words into sentences.

The best example we have of animals using discreteness is from chimpanzees raised in captivity.

Using a keyboard, chimps have made requests for food by typing, raisin peanut, which seemed to mean raisins and peanuts.

Chimps have also invented phrases that describe things.

For example, one chimp called watermelon drink fruit.

Clever, huh?

But while this is fairly impressive, one major problem with the chimpanzees' use of language is that their word order is quite random.

So most linguists would say that the chimpanzees really do not understand and use grammar in the way that humans do, and therefore can't be said to use discreteness.

In the use of discreteness, we see that humans have a huge advantage over animals.

allows us to make complex words and sentences that communicate an unlimited number of meanings.

And this is one of the really impressive, actually amazing aspects of human communication.

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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트

이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 64개와 단어 853개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 5:50입니다. 화자는 분당 약 146단어의 일정한 속도로 말해서 섀도잉하기에 편한 속도입니다. 단어의 82%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.

이 영상의 핵심 어휘

영상에 나오는 덜 흔한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.

characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/ (명사) — 특성, 특징. A distinguishing feature of a person or thing, a part of mental or physical behavior.
bee /ˈbiː/ (명사) — 벌, 밀봉. A flying insect, of the clade Anthophila within the hymenopteran superfamily Apoidea, known for its organised societies (though only a minority have them), for…
impressive /ɪmˈpɹɛsɪv/ (형용사) — 인상적. Making, or tending to make, a positive impression; having power to impress.
compare /kəmˈpɛɚ/ (동사) — 비교하다, 비유하다. To assess the similarities and differences between two or more things [“to compare X with Y”]. Having made the comparison of X with Y, one might have found it…
grammar /ˈɡɹæm.ə(ɹ)/ (명사) — Korean: 문법, 문법학. A system of rules and principles for the structure of a language, or of languages in general.
accent /ækˈsɛnt/ (명사) — 강세, 억양. A higher-pitched or stronger (louder or longer) articulation of a particular syllable of a word or phrase in order to distinguish it from the others or to…
killer /ˈkɪlɚ/ (명사) — 살인자. One who or that which kills.
flexible /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ (형용사) — 유연한. Capable of being flexed or bent without breaking; able to be turned or twisted without breaking.
whale /ˈweɪl/ (명사) — 고래. Any large cetacean, usually with the exclusion of dolphins and porpoises.
peanut /ˈpiˌnʌt/ (명사) — 땅콩. A legume resembling a nut, the fruit of the plant Arachis hypogaea, native to South America.
bark /bɑɹk/ (명사) — 나무껍질, 수피. The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree or of various other woody plants.
similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/ (명사) — 유사, 유사성. Closeness of appearance to something else.
pet /pɛt/ (명사) — 애완동물, 반려동물. An animal kept as a companion or otherwise for pleasure, rather than for some practical benefit or use.
refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/ (동사) — 언급하다. To direct the attention of (someone toward something).
skill /skɪl/ (명사) — 기술, 스킬. A capacity to do something well; a technique, an ability, usually acquired or learned, as opposed to abilities that are regarded as innate.

영상에 나오는 구동사

look for (동사) — 찾다, 구하다. To seek.

주의할 발음

화자는 we'll, doesn't, can't 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 18번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.

“sh”와 “zh” 소리: establish /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/, transmission /tɹænsˈmɪʃən/, perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, sophistication /səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/
긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: communicate /kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, arbitrary /ˈɑː.bɪ.tɹə.ɹi/, unlimited /ʌnˈlɪm.ɪ.tɪd/, similarity /ˌsɪm.ɪˈlæɹ.ɪ.ti/

이 영상으로 연습하는 방법

먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, characteristic, bee, impressive 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	is meant · is called · are also fairly skilled
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	has identified · have made · have also invented

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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쉐도잉 연습: CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 9 LINGUISTICS ANIMAL COMMUNICATION - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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