쉐도잉 연습: Pragmatics: Crash Course Linguistics #6 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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Hello, I'm Taylor and welcome to Crash Course Linguistics!

Sometimes we don't say exactly what we mean, and yet we still manage to understand each other.

If you ask, “Is it raining?” when I come inside soaking wet and I say, "Great job, Sherlock", you'll probably assume that I'm being sarcastic rather than giving you a compliment.

Or if you ask me "Can you close the window?" I'll probably interpret your question as a polite request, rather than a question about my physical ability.

The reason we can figure out what's going on is because we don't just look at words and sentences for meaning — we also look at context.

The area of linguistics that puts meaning into context is called pragmatics.

We don’t have 100 percent complete information about everything that's going on when we’re talking to people, so we often need to make some assumptions about the context in order to understand each other.

There are four main assumptions that pragmaticists talk about when it comes to communication.

Let's start with "Great job, Sherlock".

In some contexts, that could be a statement of admiration at your friend's deductive powers.

But in other contexts, like if your friend has done something especially… unwise, calling them "Sherlock" actually illustrates how much they're NOT like Sherlock Holmes.

That’s because most of the time, we assume that people are trying to communicate high-quality information.

We know that people can lie, but we usually assume that they’re telling the truth.

So when the context and the words clearly don't match, we can deduce a more subtle truth, like sarcasm.

Let’s move on to a second assumption.

Here's a gif that floated around the internet a while back, with the caption "look at all these ducks there are at least ten." This caption is technically true.

There are at least ten ducks, in fact there’s a whole swarm of ducks, probably hundreds.

And "hundreds" is definitely consistent with “at least ten.” But anyone who can see that there are at least ten ducks in this gif can also see that there are wayyyy more than ten ducks.

And there’s something so funny about the way the caption goes against our assumptions about communication.

That assumption is that people are giving us a sufficient quantity of information.

Enough detail, but not too much.

The boring, consistent-with-our-assumption version of this caption would have been "look at all these ducks there are hundreds." But that ordinary version wouldn't have been as funny, and probably wouldn't have gone viral.

Food labels also generally align with our third assumption.

For example, if a pack of gum says it's sugar-free, it’s because gum does sometimes contain sugar.

We generally assume that people will tell us information that is of relevance, so the boring gum packaging checks out.

But our assumption about relevance can also be used for humor or to mislead — to imply that something is relevant when it actually is not.

Like, if an olive oil brand starts labeling its bottles “sugar-free olive oil” you might think, “Wait a sec, I didn’t know olive oil ever contained sugar!” That might convince you to avoid other brands of olive oil that don’t say they’re sugar free, even though none of them ever contained sugar.

That information actually isn’t relevant!

Finally, let's say you're trying to figure out whether you want to take a particular class with a particular professor next year.

You ask one person for advice.

"Well, it certainly is a class," they say.

You ask someone else, who says, "Oh yeah, the professor shows up every week, and wears clothes, and stands in front of the room, and talks to us, and gives assignments." Both of these statements theoretically seem like they should be completely unremarkable.

Of course you'd expect a class to be a class, or a professor to show up and wear clothing and give assignments!

And yet, somehow when your friends give you way less detail than expected, or lots of detail about obvious things, it raises suspicions.

What on earth is going on with this class that they can't just tell you if it's good?

Our fourth assumption is that people will say things in a manner which is as straightforward as possible for the context.

If something is good, we can probably just say it's good.

If something is not so great, though, we might be reluctant to criticize it overtly.

So we sometimes say things in a less straightforward manner in order to be more diplomatic.

So when our friends say something that misaligns with our assumptions, that might tell us that something’s up with that professor.

These four assumptions, that what someone says will be of sufficient quality, quantity, relevance and manner, can be summed up with one bigger idea: that we assume people are generally trying to be cooperative with us.

So these assumptions are called the Cooperative Principle.

They were first described by the philosopher Paul Grice, so they're also sometimes known as Grice’s Maxims.

But it’s ok, we can use them too!

According to the cooperative principle, whenever someone says something that doesn't make sense at a literal level, we can figure out, or infer, what else they could have meant, assuming they're still trying to contribute in a cooperative way to the conversation.

Sometimes we assume cooperation so quickly that we don't even really notice it!

For instance, if I say, "Hey Gav, do you wanna have a picnic?" and Gav says, "It's raining," we can probably infer that Gav was declining my picnic suggestion.

But technically speaking, Gav didn't actually say yes or no.

If we were a computer program, or a lawyer, or someone else who cares about very strict literal interpretations, we'd have to point out that the picnic sentence and the raining sentence don't have to be related.

It's only because we have an understanding of context and cooperation that we interpret them as related.

We know that picnics involve eating food outdoors, and that it's hard to eat outdoors in the rain.

This additional meaning layered on top of the words we’re saying is known as an implicature.

Understanding how implicature works can help us make sense of the moments when someone says one thing and means another.

If Gav asks, "Can I have a cookie?" and I reply, "I don't know, can you?", Gav will quite justifiably be annoyed at me, because I'm deliberately ignoring the implicature that this is a request.

And if you watch enough YouTube videos, you know what the ‘subscribe button’ looks like and that it sits below this video.

So if I turn to the camera and say “the subscribe button is below this video”, I'm not actually telling you new information.

I’m not even asking you to subscribe, but you might have thought about it.

In this context, pointing out the button is really saying “please subscribe!” without overtly saying “please subscribe!” I’m using implicature to ask without asking.

It's a way of being polite by being indirect.

And languages have lots of other strategies for being polite.

Some languages add a short word, or particle, to make something polite, like please or sorry.

In Malay, you can add lah to a command, something like, “hand me that, la?” That turns it from a demand into something more like “Would you please do that?” In Mandarin, you tell a person to have a seat by just saying “Sit!” zuo4.

That probably sounds way too strong, like something you’d command your pet.

And it sounds strong to Mandarin speakers, too.

But instead of adding a “please,” they repeat the word: Zuo4 zuo4 or “Sit sit” which means something like “here, have a seat.” Some languages have different forms of verbs or other words depending on the social status of the person you’re talking to.

In French, the pronoun "tu" is informal and singular, and "vous" is formal and plural.

English actually also used to make this distinction with "thou" for the informal singular and "you" for the formal or plural version of the word.

Making something seem more question-like or tentative can also make it more polite.

In BSL, raised eyebrows are used both to indicate questions, and also as one way of making a request or an apology more polite.

While there’s a wide variety of grammatical ways to show politeness across languages, we also see a general tendency that adding qualifiers and caveats, known as hedges, to our replies tends to be seen as more polite.

So does being indirect, such as asking or even just hinting, rather than ordering.

So, if I want you to close the window because I’m freezing, it would be more polite to say “Would you mind closing the window?” or “Brr, it’s chilly in here!” than it would be to straight up tell you, “Close the window!” We follow our culture and our language's norms of politeness because it's part of the whole process by which we create meaning between us and the people we're talking to.

Both politeness and the Cooperative Principle are part of pragmatics.

They're part of our agreement about how we're going to talk to each other.

Pragmatics affects everything from our words to even the very way we have those conversations.

Let’s step into the Thought Bubble for a chat.

The flow of words between people is known as turn taking.

I say something, you reply, I reply to that, back and forth.

There’s a lot of variation across individuals and even across cultures as to who does more or less of the speaking, how long they talk for, and how much overlap or silence there is between the people talking.

When it comes to overlap in conversation, we can think broadly about two different ends of a spectrum.

On one end we have a conversation style where people do a lot of overlapping, talk at the same time, and don’t leave much or any silence after the other person has finished speaking.

This is known as high-involvement interactional style.

On the other end, we have a conversational style where people do not overlap, and leave space after someone else is finished before beginning their turn.

This is known as high-considerateness interactional style.

You might tend to be more high-involvement and have a friend who is high-considerateness and it makes you feel like you’re doing all the conversational heavy-lifting.

If you tend towards high-considerateness, you might feel like your friend doesn’t let you get a word in edgewise.

There are some general trends in different areas, too.

Speakers of Tzeltal and Japanese tend to have more overlap than speakers of Lao and Danish.

Even within American English, New Yorkers tend to be more high-involvement and Californians tend to be more high-considerateness.

These differences are measured in just milliseconds, which shows how sensitive humans can be to turn-taking differences — and to all the other little pragmatic nuances that make up politeness.

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

I appreciate it.

So, when we look at how people use language in conversation, we see that it’s less like one person baking-in all the meaning they want to convey in their words and handing it over to another person, and more like we’re using context to bake a cake as a team.

And just like everyone has their own way of making a carrot cake, the individual conversation styles and cultural norms mean each conversation or interaction can turn out a little bit differently.

Next time on Crash Course Linguistics, we’ll look specifically at how your social reality affects your linguistic choices.

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Linguistics.

If you want to help keep all Crash Coursefree for everybody, forever, you can join our community on Patreon.

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맥락 및 배경

이 비디오는 "Pragmatics: Crash Course Linguistics #6"라는 제목으로, 의사소통에서 우리가 가끔 특정한 단어와 문장만으로는 진정한 의미를 파악할 수 없다는 점을 설명합니다. 대화 중 우리가 자신이 전하고자 하는 의미를 다르게 해석하는 경우가 많다는 점에서, 맥락의 중요성이 강조됩니다. 예를 들어, 한 친구가 비 오는 날에 "너무 재밌네!"라고 말한다면, 우리는 그가 비유적으로 비꼬는 의도를 갖고 있다는 것을 암시적으로 이해할 수 있습니다. 이러한 사례들은 신뢰도와 의사소통의 기준을 바탕으로 한 다양한 언어적 가정을 필요로 합니다.

일상 의사소통을 위한 5가지 주요 문구

“아, 그러네!” - 상대방이 말한 내용을 이해했을 때 사용하는 표현입니다.
“정말 그렇지?” - 상대방의 말에 동의하며, 좀 더 깊은 이야기를 유도할 때 쓸 수 있습니다.
“도와줄 수 있어?” - 도움 요청 시 예의 바르게 질문할 수 있는 방법입니다.
“그건 재밌겠다!” - 상대의 말에 긍정적인 반응을 보이면서 대화를 이어가는 표현입니다.
“시간 괜찮아?” - 누군가와 만날 때 의견을 묻는 자연스러운 문구입니다.

단계별 섀도잉 가이드

비디오의 내용을 이해하고 발음을 교정하기 위해, 다음과 같은 섀도잉 기법을 활용하세요.

첫 단계: 비디오를 한번 시청하며 내용을 전체적으로 이해하세요. 이때 영어 회화 연습의 일환으로 맥락과 감정을 파악하는 것이 중요합니다.
두 번째 단계: 중요한 문구 혹은 문장을 선택하고, 그 내용을 반복해서 들어보세요. 특히 “도와줄 수 있어?” 같은 표현은 자주 사용할 수 있습니다.
세 번째 단계: 각 문장을 따라 말하면서 발음과 억양을 교정해보세요. 이때, shadowspeaks와 같은 기법을 통해 섀도 스피킹을 연습하는 것이 효과적입니다.
네 번째 단계: 기록을 남겨 보세요. 자신의 목소리를 듣고 어떤 부분에서 개선할 점이 있는지 분석하는 것이 중요합니다.
마지막 단계: 꾸준히 연습하여 자연스럽게 문장을 구사할 수 있도록 노력하세요. 이를 통해 영어 회화 능력을 더욱 발전시킬 수 있습니다.

이러한 과정을 통해, 비디오에서 제공하는 내용뿐만 아니라 일상 대화 속에서의 의사소통 기술을 개선할 수 있습니다. 영어 발음 교정 및 효과적인 소통을 위한 꾸준한 연습이 필요합니다.

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	is called · be used · can be summed
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	anyone who can · manner which is · friend who is
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	has done · has finished

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

섀도잉 방법: 단계별 전체 가이드 읽기 →

쉐도잉 연습: Pragmatics: Crash Course Linguistics #6 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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맥락 및 배경

일상 의사소통을 위한 5가지 주요 문구

단계별 섀도잉 가이드

이 영상의 문법

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법