쉐도잉 연습: Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

연습 모드 선택

각 모드는 전체 화면 연습실로 열립니다.

134 문장

문장이 너무 짧거나 길면 Edit를 눌러 조정하세요.

In the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History lies a mysterious object.

It's drawn millions of visitors from across the world.

And not just for its beauty, but for its curse.

I'm talking about this.

The Hope Diamond.

A gem taken from India in the 1660s whose various owners

are rumored to have mysteriously died from everything from wild dog attacks to beheadings.

Shh.

It's okay, Dwayne.

The scary gem is safe in a museum. For now.

The Hope Diamond's curse might be a myth.

But one thing's for sure, it's not the only myth out there about diamonds.

Hi, I'm Sage, and this is Crash Course Geology.

Diamonds.

They're bright, flawless, and a girl's best friend.

These aren't real, by the way.

What do you think, rocks are made of money?

But to a geologist, diamonds are much more than a symbol of glamour, timelessness, and love.

And there are a lot of misconceptions about them.

Starting with their structure.

Diamond is a clear mineral made of one main ingredient.

Carbon.

Although sometimes small amounts of other elements can give them different color, like that deep hue in the Hope Diamond comes from boron.

While carbon itself is a pretty common element, diamonds do something special with it.

The carbon atoms are puzzled together super tightly into a crystal structure that's nearly indestructible.

In fact, diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth.

So hard we use it to cut through concrete and stone.

But how do you get a structure like that?

Spoiler alert, not from coal!

You've probably heard that myth before, that diamonds are made of a lump of coal and a lot of pressure.

A great motivational metaphor, but not a scientifically accurate one.

Sure, coal is also made of carbon, but the way diamonds actually form is way cooler than squishing a sooty rock.

Let's dig a little deeper.

For hundreds of years, humans didn't know where diamonds came from.

We could only find them by searching riverbeds for washed away sediment, also known as alluvial mining.

But there was no way of knowing what type of rock they came from.

Until 1870, when miners in South Africa struck gold, or, well, diamond.

In the town of Kimberley, they found tons of diamonds, not on the riverbed, but in the ground.

It was the first time diamonds had ever been found in the volcanic rock they came from.

The discoverers named the source rock Kimberlite after the town and started to study it.

And after a hundred odd years, we finally figured out how those special stones got there.

It turns out diamonds form in cratons, the deep down roots of continents.

They're stable, hot, and pressurized enough to form carbon into that super dense crystal structure that diamonds are known for.

Most diamonds form in Earth's upper mantle, the part right below the outer crust.

But some diamonds, like the Hope Diamond, form even deeper down, in the transition zone and the lower mantle,

more than 600 kilometers below the surface.

Maybe that's why the Hope Diamond is allegedly cursed.

It's seen things no one was ever meant to see.

So how do they get to the surface?

With a Ba-bang!

When continents break apart, they disrupt the mantle, leading to a millions of years long domino effect.

Eventually carbon dioxide and water trapped within deep pockets of magma explode into powerful kimberlite eruptions.

Molten rocks shoot upward, blasting out carrot-shaped pipes through the surface.

And the violent flow rips up chunks of deep rock that, if you're lucky, are studded with diamonds.

As for super deep diamonds like the Hope, they have to rise a bit higher in the mantle first, possibly by hitching a ride on an extra hot rock that flows from the lower mantle to the upper.

Then kimberlite eruptions can blast them to the surface.

Most kimberlite eruptions happened between 250 and 50 million years ago, and their diamonds started forming long before the blasts,

up to three billion years ago.

Talk about classic rock.

That one was so bad it's good.

Which helps us see diamonds for what they really are, time capsules of the past.

They have a lot to teach us about the super deep Earth and its super long geologic history.

Mineral and fluid inclusions trapped in diamond can give us clues about what the mantle was like back when they formed, which has helped geologists unravel all kinds of geologic mysteries.

Like Dr. Kate Kaseyeva has examined garnet inclusions in diamonds using

advanced scientific tools to get more information about the composition of the deep mantle.

The last kimberlite eruption was 13 million years ago, and we don't know if another will ever happen again.

So while diamonds continue to grow deep underground, we're left to mind the ones that ancient eruptions have already lofted into Earth's crust.

That may have given you the impression that diamonds are super rare.

After all, we humans have prized them for centuries, and there's only so many that are accessible to us.

But diamonds' rarity is also a myth, largely perpetuated by a corporation.

We'll get to that in a sec.

It's true that we valued diamonds for hundreds, if not thousands, of years.

And at first, they were scarce enough that only royalty and the extremely wealthy owned them.

Like, by 1668, the Hope Diamond had reached the hands of the French King Louis XIV, who would later die of gangrene.

Finding the Kimberlite diamonds in South Africa had huge effects.

For the next almost century, the African continent produced 98% of all the diamonds in the world.

And with so many diamonds flooding the market, they weren't just for royalty anymore.

And that's when British finance bureau Cecil Rhodes saw an opportunity.

He bought shares in a bunch of diamond mines and eventually controlled enough of them to form the De Beers Mining Company.

By 1887, the company owned every diamond mine in South Africa.

For the next seven decades, it controlled just about every diamond mine in the world.

De Beers used its monopoly to keep up the illusion that diamonds were scarce, a perception that sold tons of overpriced diamonds.

By the 2000s, De Beers finally lost their monopoly, but the myth that diamonds are rare has stuck around.

Despite the fact that they're more commonly found than lots of other gems.

Today, diamond value can be determined by the four C's.

Color, Clarity, Cut, and Carat Weight, which tell us what diamond crystals look like, how they're cut, and how big they are.

For example, the average diamond stud earring is between 0.25 and 1 carat, which can roughly range from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars based on the type of diamond.

By comparison, the Hope Diamond is a whopping 45.52 carats,

which is why it's valued at up to 350 million dollars.

But those ordinary diamond studs might not be made of natural diamonds at all.

Which brings me to our last myth.

While many may think that lab-grown diamonds are fake, they are in fact very much real.

See, in the 1940s, scientists at General Electric started working on a way to skip the whole billion-year mantle-to-mine timeline

and grow diamonds in the lab instead.

The effort was called Project Super Pressure.

Coincidentally, that's also what I called my all-night study sessions in college.

The scientists put some graphite, which is also made of carbon, under super intense heat and pressure.

And in just a few weeks, they had made their own diamond.

In fact, it sort of worked the same way many people think coal turns into diamonds.

100

No, Duane, you're granite.

101

You can't turn into a diamond.

102

No, even if I press on you really hard.

103

Within a couple decades, lab-grown diamonds were just as hard, sparkly, and impressive as the originals.

104

Modern processes used tiny fragments of natural diamonds to seed new, lab-grown ones and work way more efficiently than the old techniques.

105

Lab-grown diamonds are real diamonds, they just have a slightly different origin story.

106

Today, lab-grown diamonds are more popular than ever.

107

For one, they are way cheaper than natural diamonds, costing up to 85% less than their counterparts.

108

Plus, many people, myself very much included, Consider lab-grown diamonds a much more ethical purchase.

109

Diamond mines severely damage the environment.

110

The Big Hole Mine in Kimberley can literally be seen from space and contributes to all sorts of environmental problems,

111

from erosion to water pollution.

112

And importantly, conditions in diamond mines can be terribly dangerous for the miners themselves.

113

That's especially the case in places with less social stability, like parts of Central and West Africa, where regional conflicts cut communities off from their social and resource networks.

114

In those places, small-scale mining operations often use forced and child labor and sell diamonds to fund violent conflicts.

115

We call those blood diamonds.

116

Even though international organizations have tried to crack down on them, they're still out there in the diamond market.

117

Now that's a deeply complex topic, So check out the links below to learn even more.

118

Some folks still make a case for natural diamonds, saying that diamond mining can be good for local economies in some of the world's poorest countries,

119

and that's less environmentally harmful than other kinds of mining.

120

So yeah, there are lots of cultural, political, and environmental factors at play when choosing a lab-grown or natural diamond.

121

But geologically speaking, they're one and the same.

122

Whether they're grown in a lab or blasted from the Earth's mantle, Diamonds are part of our world.

123

And they're not just nice to look at.

124

They're remnants of volcanic eruptions that happened millions of years ago.

125

They unravel mysteries about deep earth and deep time.

126

They're so hard they beat rock and rock-paper-scissors every time.

127

And maybe they're cursed.

128

At least the Hope Diamond.

129

Dwayne!

130

Next time, we'll talk about another force to be reckoned with.

131

Water.

132

See you then!

133

Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Geology, which was filmed at our studio in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was made with the help of these glittering glorious people.

134

If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever, you can join our community on Patreon.

앱 다운로드

유창하게 말하는 데 필요한 모든 것

AI 발음 평가문장마다 점수 확인

IPA 발음 연습모든 소리 마스터

단어 학습나만의 단어장 만들기

단어 게임놀면서 외우기

QR 스캔

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

같은 채널

Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology #14

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

Crash Course US History Preview

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

FOR YOU

왜 이 비디오로 말하기 연습을 해야 할까요?

이 비디오에서는 다이아몬드의 형성과 관련된 흥미로운 정보가 담겨 있습니다. 다이아몬드의 기원과 구조를 배우며, 미국 자연사 박물관에 보관된 유명한 홉 다이아몬드에 대한 이야기를 통해 영어 실력을 높일 수 있습니다. 영어 쉐도잉 기법을 활용하여 이 비디오를 반복적으로 듣고 따라 말하면, 자연스럽게 발음과 억양이 개선됩니다. 비디오의 내용을 따라하며 표현력을 키우고, 자연스럽게 영어로 대화할 수 있는 능력을 배양할 수 있습니다.

문법 및 표현 분석

영상에서 사용된 몇 가지 주요 문법 구조와 표현을 살펴보겠습니다:

It turns out: 이 표현은 '결과적으로 ~로 드러나다'라는 의미로, 새로운 정보를 제공할 때 유용합니다.
Starting with: '시작하면서'라는 뜻으로, 주제를 소개할 때 많이 씁니다. 이어지는 설명이 있을 때 효과적입니다.
How do they get to the surface?: '그것들은 어떻게 표면으로 올라오나요?'와 같은 질문 형태는 정보 전달에 효과적입니다.

이러한 표현들을 통해 문장 구조를 이해하고, 실제 대화에 적용하여 영어 발음 교정에 큰 도움이 될 것입니다.

일반적인 발음 함정

영상에서 등장하는 몇몇 단어와 표현은 발음하기 어려울 수 있습니다. 특히, shadowspeak이라는 단어는 '섀도우 스피크'라고 발음되지 않도록 주의하세요. 원주율이 높은 발음 방식을 적용해 연습하는 것이 좋습니다. 또한, 'Kimberley'와 같은 고유명사는 각 음절에 주의를 기울여 발음하는 것이 중요합니다. 비디오를 통해 다양한 발음에 익숙해지면 영어 쉐도잉 실력이 향상될 것입니다.

이 영상의 문법

화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	are rumored · are made · are puzzled
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	You've probably heard · has helped · has examined
관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보	formed, which has · carat, which can · graphite, which is

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

섀도잉 방법: 단계별 전체 가이드 읽기 →

쉐도잉 연습: Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

연습 모드 선택

앱 다운로드

Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology #14

Crash Course US History Preview

What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10

How Geologists Can Tell if the World is Warming : Crash Course Geology #23

Crash Course Sex Ed Preview

Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4

Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2

Introduction to Astronomy: Crash Course Astronomy #1

Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2

Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4

What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1

The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5

The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3

Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2

Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1

Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2

Psychological Research: Crash Course Psychology #2

Writing Systems: Crash Course Linguistics #16

Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?

The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1

What’s at the center of the earth?: Crash Course Geology #4

Why Diamond Prices Are Falling So Fast

Polymers: Crash Course Chemistry #45

No Slaves? No Aliens? How the Pyramids Were Really Built| English Lesson & Connected Speech (B2–C1)

Our Greatest Delusion

Whale Hunting Was Absolutely Crazy

Coal, Oil & Gas Hyrdocarbons | Organic Chemistry | Chemistry | FuseSchool

Dig Deep, Power a City

Scientists Solve the Mystery Behind the Oumuamua 'Alien Spacecraft' Comet

How Small is an Atom?

How do bees make honey?

Lesson 17 - Presentation

왜 이 비디오로 말하기 연습을 해야 할까요?

문법 및 표현 분석

일반적인 발음 함정

이 영상의 문법

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법