쉐도잉 연습: Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course World History.
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Let's begin today with a question.
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Why am I alive?
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Also, why don't I have any eyes?
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Ah, that's better.
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The way we answer that question ends up organizing all kinds of other thoughts, like what we should value, and how we should behave, and if we should eat meat, and whether we should dump that boy who is very nice
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but insanely clingy in a way that he cannot possibly think is attractive.
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All of which adds up- Mr. Green, Mr. Green, uh, are you talking about me?
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Yes, I am talking about you, me from the past.
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I am telling you that one of the reasons we study history is so that you can be a less terrible boyfriend.
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But more on that momentarily.
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Today we're going to talk about civilizations, but in order to do that, we have to talk about talking about civilizations, because it's a problematic word.
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So problematic, in fact, that I have to turn to camera two to discuss it.
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Certain conglomerations of humans are seen as civilizations, whereas, say, nomadic cultures generally aren't, unless you are, say it with me, the Mongols.
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By calling some groups civilizations, you imply that all other social orders are uncivilized, which is basically just another way of saying that they're savages or barbarians.
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Side note, originally Greek, the word barbarian denoted anyone who did not speak ancient Greek, because to the Greeks, all other languages sounded like bar bar bar bar bar bar bar.
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So that is to say that we are all essentially barbarians, except for the classics majors, which is worth remembering when we're discussing civilizations.
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Civilizations are like most of the things we like to study.
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They're intellectual constructs.
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No one woke up in the city of Thebes in Egypt one morning and said, What a beautiful morning!
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I sure am living at the height of Egyptian civilization.
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Still, they're useful constructs, particularly when you're comparing one civilization to another.
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They're less useful when you're comparing a civilization to a non-civilization type social order, which is why we will try to avoid that.
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And yes, I am getting to the good boyfriend stuff.
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Patience, grasshopper.
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So what is a civilization?
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Well, diagnosing a civilization is a little like diagnosing an illness.
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If you have four or more of the following symptoms, you might be a civilization.
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Surplus production.
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Once one person can make enough food to feed several people, it becomes possible to build a city, another symptom of civilization.
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It also leads to the specialization of labor, which in turn leads to trade.
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Like if everybody picks berries for a living, there is no reason to trade, because I have berries and you have berries.
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But if I pick berries for a living and you make hammers, suddenly we have cause to trade.
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are also usually associated with social stratification, centralized government shared values, generally in the form of religion, and writing.
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And at least in the early days, they were almost always associated with rivers.
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These days you can just bisect a segment of land horizontally and vertically and boom, build a city, but 5,000 years ago civilizations were almost always associated with rivers,
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whether that's the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Yellow River, the Nile, the Amazon basin, the Coatzacoalcos.
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Gah, I was doing so good until I got to Coatzacoalcos!
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Coatzacoalcus.
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Coatzacoalcus, maybe.
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Why river valleys?
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They're flat, they're well watered, and when they flood they deposit nutrient rich silt.
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We'll have more to say about most of these civilizations later, but let's talk about this guy, the Indus Valley Civilization, because it's my all-time favorite.
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The Indus Valley Civilization was located in the flood plain of the Indus and Souardi Rivers, and it was about the best place in the world to have an ancient civilization
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because the rivers flooded very reliably twice a year, which meant that it had the most available calories per acre of pretty much anywhere on the planet.
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We know the Indus Valley Civilization flourished a long time ago, probably around 3000 BCE.
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Why is that question literally hanging over my head?
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But people of the Indus Valley were trading with Mesopotamians as early as 3500 BCE.
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We also know that it was the largest of the ancient civilizations.
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Archaeologists have discovered more than 1500 sites.
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So what do we know about this civilization?
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Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
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Everything we know about the Indus Valley Civilization comes from archaeology, because while they did use written language, we don't know how to read it, and no Rosetta Stone has thus far appeared to help us learn it.
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I meant the other Rosetta Stone thought bubble.
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Yeah, although come to think of it, either would be acceptable.
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So here's what we know.
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They had amazing cities.
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Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the best known, with dense, multi-story homes constructed out of uniformly sized bricks along perpendicular streets.
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I mean, this wasn't some ancient world version of Houston, more like Chicago.
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This means they must have had some form of government and zoning, but we don't know what gave this government its authority.
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Cities were oriented to catch the wind and provide a natural form of air conditioning.
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And they were clean.
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Most homes were connected to a centralized drainage system
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that used gravity to carry waste and water out of the city in big sewer ditches that ran under the main avenues, a plumbing system that would have been the envy of many 18th century European cities.
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Also, in Mahendradara, the largest public building was not a temple or a palace, but a public bath, which historians call the The Great Bath.
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We don't know what the Great Bath was used for, but since later Indian culture placed a huge emphasis on ritual purity, which is the basis for the caste system,
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some historians have speculated that the bath might have been like a giant baptismal pool.
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Also, they traded.
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One of the coolest things that the Indus Valley civilization produced were seals, used as identification markers on goods and clay tablets.
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These seals contain the writing that we still can't decipher and a number of fantastic designs, many featuring animals and monsters.
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One of the most famous and frightening is of a man with what looks like water buffalo horns on his head, cross-legged between a tiger and a bull.
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We don't know what's really going on here, but it's safe to say that this was a powerful dude because he seems to be able to control the tiger.
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How did these seals let us know that they traded?
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Well because we found them in Mesopotamia, not the Indus Valley.
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Plus, archaeologists have found stuff like bronze in the Indus Valley that is not native to the region.
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So what did they trade?
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Cotton cloth.
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Still such a fascinating export, incidentally, that it will be the subject of the 40th and final video in this very series.
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Here's the most amazing thing about the Indus Valley people.
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They were peaceful.
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Despite archaeologists finding 1,500 sites, they have found very little evidence of warfare and almost no weapons.
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Thanks, Thought Bubble.
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Okay, before we talk about the fascinating demise of the Indus Valley civilization, it's time for the open letter.
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Magic!
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I wonder what the secret compartment has for me today.
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Oh!
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Fancy clothes!
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I guess the secret compartment didn't think I was dressed up enough for the occasion.
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An open letter to historians.
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Dear historians, The Great Bath?
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Really?
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The Great Bath?
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I'm trying to make history fascinating and you give me a term that evokes scented candles, bath salts, and Frederick Fekai hair products?
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I know sometimes the crushingly boring names of history aren't your fault.
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You didn't name the Federalist Papers or the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Adam Smith.
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But when you do get a chance to name something, you go with The Great Bath?
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Not the epic bath of Mohenjo-Daro, or the bath to end all baths, or the pool that ruled, or the moist mystery of Mohenjo-Daro, or the wet wonder.
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The Great Bath?
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Really?
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You can do better.
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Best wishes, John Green.
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So what happened to these people?
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Well, here's what didn't happen to them.
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They didn't morph into the current residents of that area of the world, Hindu Indians or Muslim Pakistanis.
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Those people probably came from the Caucasus.
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Instead, sometime around 1750 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization declined until it faded into obscurity.
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Why?
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Historians have three theories.
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One, conquest.
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Turns out to be a terrible military strategy not to have any weapons, and it's possible people from the Indus Valley were completely overrun by people from the Caucasus.
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Two, environmental disaster.
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It's possible they brought about their own end by destroying their environment.
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Three, earthquake.
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The most interesting theory is that a massive earthquake changed the course of the rivers
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so much that a lot of the tributaries dried up adequate water supplies for irrigation, the cities couldn't sustain themselves, so people literally just picked up and left for greener pastures.
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Well, probably not pastures, it's unlikely they became nomads, they probably just moved to a different plain and continued their agricultural ways.
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I am already boring you and I haven't even told you yet how to be a better boy and or girlfriend.
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I'm gonna do that now.
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So we don't know why the Indus Valley civilization ended, but we also don't really know why it started.
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Why did these people build cities and dig swimming pools and make unnecessarily ornate seals?
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Were they motivated by hunger, fear, a desire for companionship, the need to be near their sacred spaces, or a general feeling that city life was just more awesome than foraging?
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Thinking about what motivated them to structure their life as they
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did helps us to think about how we structure our own lives.
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In short, you're clingy because you're motivated by fear and a need for companionship.
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And she finds it annoying
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because it's enough work having to be responsible for herself without having to also be responsible for you.
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So you're not really helping her by clinging, and from the Indus Valley in the Bronze Age to school life today, human life is all about collaboration.
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Trading cloth for bronze, building cities together, and collaborating to make sure that human lives are tilted to catch the wind.
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Next week we will travel here to discuss the hot Mesopotamia, but in the meantime, if you have any questions,
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leave them in comments and our team of semi-trained semi-professionals will do their best to answer them.
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Also you'll find some suggested resources in the video info below, he said pointing at his pants.
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Thanks for watching and we'll see you next week.
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Don't forget to be awesome.
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이 레슨에서 배울 것
이 비디오를 통해 인더스 계곡 문명에 대해 알아가면서, 영어 듣기와 말하기 실력을 동시에 키울 수 있습니다. 존 그린의 생동감 있는 발화 스타일을 따라하며, 자연스러운 리듬과 억양, 그리고 다양한 어휘를 연습할 수 있어요. 특히 "문명"에 관한 논의와 인더스 계곡 문명의 특징을 설명하는 부분은 영어로 복잡한 주제를 전달하는 방법을 배우는 좋은 기회입니다.
핵심 어휘 & 표현
- Surplus production: 과잉 생산. "Surplus production led to the rise of cities." (과잉 생산이 도시의 출현을 이끌었다.)
- Social stratification: 사회 계층화. "Civilizations often have social stratification." (문명에는 종종 사회 계층화가 존재한다.)
- Centralized government: 중앙 집권 정부. "The Indus Valley had a centralized government for city planning." (인더스 계곡은 도시 계획을 위한 중앙 집권 정부가 있었다.)
- Ritual purity: 의식적 순수성. "Ritual purity was important in their culture." (의식적 순수성은 그들의 문화에서 중요했다.)
- Environmental disaster: 환경 재해. "An environmental disaster might have ended the civilization." (환경 재해가 문명을 끝냈을 수 있다.)
연습 팁: 쉐도잉하기
이 비디오는 말하기 속도가 빠르고, 존 그린의 유머러스한 톤이 특징이에요. 영어 쉐도잉을 할 때는 다음과 같이 해보세요. 먼저 비디오를 5초씩 멈추면서 그의 발음과 억양을 정확히 따라하세요. 특히 "barbarian"이나 "Coatzacoalcos"와 같은 어려운 단어는 천천히 반복해서 연습해요. 쉐도잉 사이트에서 비슷한 속도의 영상을 찾아 연습하면 더 좋아요. 또한, "I’m telling you that one of the reasons we study history..."와 같은 긴 문장은 구역별로 나눠서 연습하고, 자연스러운 흐름을 살리세요. 영상 영어 공부의 핵심은 "듣고 즉시 말하기"이기 때문에, 부담 없이 실수해도 되니 여러 번 반복하세요. 이렇게 연습하면 영어 발음 교정뿐만 아니라, 리듬과 표현력도 크게 향상될 거예요! 쉐도우 스피치를 통해 하루 10분만 투자해도 빠른 진전을 느낄 수 있습니다.
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | are seen · are uncivilized · are also usually associated |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | have discovered · have speculated · have found |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | uncivilized, which is · anyone who did · majors, which is |
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.