शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
अभ्यास मोड चुनें
हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
133 वाक्य
यदि वाक्य बहुत छोटे या लंबे हों, तो समायोजित करने के लिए Edit पर क्लिक करें।
1
Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course World History.
2
Let's begin today with a question.
3
Why am I alive?
4
Also, why don't I have any eyes?
5
Ah, that's better.
6
The way we answer that question ends up organizing all kinds of other thoughts, like what we should value, and how we should behave, and if we should eat meat, and whether we should dump that boy who is very nice
7
but insanely clingy in a way that he cannot possibly think is attractive.
8
All of which adds up- Mr. Green, Mr. Green, uh, are you talking about me?
9
Yes, I am talking about you, me from the past.
10
I am telling you that one of the reasons we study history is so that you can be a less terrible boyfriend.
11
But more on that momentarily.
12
Today we're going to talk about civilizations, but in order to do that, we have to talk about talking about civilizations, because it's a problematic word.
13
So problematic, in fact, that I have to turn to camera two to discuss it.
14
Certain conglomerations of humans are seen as civilizations, whereas, say, nomadic cultures generally aren't, unless you are, say it with me, the Mongols.
15
By calling some groups civilizations, you imply that all other social orders are uncivilized, which is basically just another way of saying that they're savages or barbarians.
16
Side note, originally Greek, the word barbarian denoted anyone who did not speak ancient Greek, because to the Greeks, all other languages sounded like bar bar bar bar bar bar bar.
17
So that is to say that we are all essentially barbarians, except for the classics majors, which is worth remembering when we're discussing civilizations.
18
Civilizations are like most of the things we like to study.
19
They're intellectual constructs.
20
No one woke up in the city of Thebes in Egypt one morning and said, What a beautiful morning!
21
I sure am living at the height of Egyptian civilization.
22
Still, they're useful constructs, particularly when you're comparing one civilization to another.
23
They're less useful when you're comparing a civilization to a non-civilization type social order, which is why we will try to avoid that.
24
And yes, I am getting to the good boyfriend stuff.
25
Patience, grasshopper.
26
So what is a civilization?
27
Well, diagnosing a civilization is a little like diagnosing an illness.
28
If you have four or more of the following symptoms, you might be a civilization.
29
Surplus production.
30
Once one person can make enough food to feed several people, it becomes possible to build a city, another symptom of civilization.
31
It also leads to the specialization of labor, which in turn leads to trade.
32
Like if everybody picks berries for a living, there is no reason to trade, because I have berries and you have berries.
33
But if I pick berries for a living and you make hammers, suddenly we have cause to trade.
34
are also usually associated with social stratification, centralized government shared values, generally in the form of religion, and writing.
35
And at least in the early days, they were almost always associated with rivers.
36
These days you can just bisect a segment of land horizontally and vertically and boom, build a city, but 5,000 years ago civilizations were almost always associated with rivers,
37
whether that's the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Yellow River, the Nile, the Amazon basin, the Coatzacoalcos.
38
Gah, I was doing so good until I got to Coatzacoalcos!
39
Coatzacoalcus.
40
Coatzacoalcus, maybe.
41
Why river valleys?
42
They're flat, they're well watered, and when they flood they deposit nutrient rich silt.
43
We'll have more to say about most of these civilizations later, but let's talk about this guy, the Indus Valley Civilization, because it's my all-time favorite.
44
The Indus Valley Civilization was located in the flood plain of the Indus and Souardi Rivers, and it was about the best place in the world to have an ancient civilization
45
because the rivers flooded very reliably twice a year, which meant that it had the most available calories per acre of pretty much anywhere on the planet.
46
We know the Indus Valley Civilization flourished a long time ago, probably around 3000 BCE.
47
Why is that question literally hanging over my head?
48
But people of the Indus Valley were trading with Mesopotamians as early as 3500 BCE.
49
We also know that it was the largest of the ancient civilizations.
50
Archaeologists have discovered more than 1500 sites.
51
So what do we know about this civilization?
52
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
53
Everything we know about the Indus Valley Civilization comes from archaeology, because while they did use written language, we don't know how to read it, and no Rosetta Stone has thus far appeared to help us learn it.
54
I meant the other Rosetta Stone thought bubble.
55
Yeah, although come to think of it, either would be acceptable.
56
So here's what we know.
57
They had amazing cities.
58
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the best known, with dense, multi-story homes constructed out of uniformly sized bricks along perpendicular streets.
59
I mean, this wasn't some ancient world version of Houston, more like Chicago.
60
This means they must have had some form of government and zoning, but we don't know what gave this government its authority.
61
Cities were oriented to catch the wind and provide a natural form of air conditioning.
62
And they were clean.
63
Most homes were connected to a centralized drainage system
64
that used gravity to carry waste and water out of the city in big sewer ditches that ran under the main avenues, a plumbing system that would have been the envy of many 18th century European cities.
65
Also, in Mahendradara, the largest public building was not a temple or a palace, but a public bath, which historians call the The Great Bath.
66
We don't know what the Great Bath was used for, but since later Indian culture placed a huge emphasis on ritual purity, which is the basis for the caste system,
67
some historians have speculated that the bath might have been like a giant baptismal pool.
68
Also, they traded.
69
One of the coolest things that the Indus Valley civilization produced were seals, used as identification markers on goods and clay tablets.
70
These seals contain the writing that we still can't decipher and a number of fantastic designs, many featuring animals and monsters.
71
One of the most famous and frightening is of a man with what looks like water buffalo horns on his head, cross-legged between a tiger and a bull.
72
We don't know what's really going on here, but it's safe to say that this was a powerful dude because he seems to be able to control the tiger.
73
How did these seals let us know that they traded?
74
Well because we found them in Mesopotamia, not the Indus Valley.
75
Plus, archaeologists have found stuff like bronze in the Indus Valley that is not native to the region.
76
So what did they trade?
77
Cotton cloth.
78
Still such a fascinating export, incidentally, that it will be the subject of the 40th and final video in this very series.
79
Here's the most amazing thing about the Indus Valley people.
80
They were peaceful.
81
Despite archaeologists finding 1,500 sites, they have found very little evidence of warfare and almost no weapons.
82
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
83
Okay, before we talk about the fascinating demise of the Indus Valley civilization, it's time for the open letter.
84
Magic!
85
I wonder what the secret compartment has for me today.
86
Oh!
87
Fancy clothes!
88
I guess the secret compartment didn't think I was dressed up enough for the occasion.
89
An open letter to historians.
90
Dear historians, The Great Bath?
91
Really?
92
The Great Bath?
93
I'm trying to make history fascinating and you give me a term that evokes scented candles, bath salts, and Frederick Fekai hair products?
94
I know sometimes the crushingly boring names of history aren't your fault.
95
You didn't name the Federalist Papers or the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Adam Smith.
96
But when you do get a chance to name something, you go with The Great Bath?
97
Not the epic bath of Mohenjo-Daro, or the bath to end all baths, or the pool that ruled, or the moist mystery of Mohenjo-Daro, or the wet wonder.
98
The Great Bath?
99
Really?
100
You can do better.
101
Best wishes, John Green.
102
So what happened to these people?
103
Well, here's what didn't happen to them.
104
They didn't morph into the current residents of that area of the world, Hindu Indians or Muslim Pakistanis.
105
Those people probably came from the Caucasus.
106
Instead, sometime around 1750 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization declined until it faded into obscurity.
107
Why?
108
Historians have three theories.
109
One, conquest.
110
Turns out to be a terrible military strategy not to have any weapons, and it's possible people from the Indus Valley were completely overrun by people from the Caucasus.
111
Two, environmental disaster.
112
It's possible they brought about their own end by destroying their environment.
113
Three, earthquake.
114
The most interesting theory is that a massive earthquake changed the course of the rivers
115
so much that a lot of the tributaries dried up adequate water supplies for irrigation, the cities couldn't sustain themselves, so people literally just picked up and left for greener pastures.
116
Well, probably not pastures, it's unlikely they became nomads, they probably just moved to a different plain and continued their agricultural ways.
117
I am already boring you and I haven't even told you yet how to be a better boy and or girlfriend.
118
I'm gonna do that now.
119
So we don't know why the Indus Valley civilization ended, but we also don't really know why it started.
120
Why did these people build cities and dig swimming pools and make unnecessarily ornate seals?
121
Were they motivated by hunger, fear, a desire for companionship, the need to be near their sacred spaces, or a general feeling that city life was just more awesome than foraging?
122
Thinking about what motivated them to structure their life as they
123
did helps us to think about how we structure our own lives.
124
In short, you're clingy because you're motivated by fear and a need for companionship.
125
And she finds it annoying
126
because it's enough work having to be responsible for herself without having to also be responsible for you.
127
So you're not really helping her by clinging, and from the Indus Valley in the Bronze Age to school life today, human life is all about collaboration.
128
Trading cloth for bronze, building cities together, and collaborating to make sure that human lives are tilted to catch the wind.
129
Next week we will travel here to discuss the hot Mesopotamia, but in the meantime, if you have any questions,
130
leave them in comments and our team of semi-trained semi-professionals will do their best to answer them.
131
Also you'll find some suggested resources in the video info below, he said pointing at his pants.
132
Thanks for watching and we'll see you next week.
133
Don't forget to be awesome.
ऐप डाउनलोड करें
धाराप्रवाह बोलने के लिए ज़रूरी सब कुछ
AI उच्चारण स्कोरहर वाक्य का स्कोर
IPA अभ्यासहर ध्वनि में महारत
शब्दावलीअपना शब्द भंडार बनाएँ
शब्द गेमखेलते हुए सीखें
उसी चैनल से
C11
Vectors and 2D Motion: Crash Course Physics #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
Crash Course US History Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B24
How Often do Asteroids Hit the Earth?: Crash Course Geology #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C13
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
Defense Against the Dark Arts of Influence: Crash Course Business Soft Skills #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
FOR YOU
अनुशंसित वीडियो
C11
105 वाक्य
What If Humanity Became Type 7 Civilization?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C119 वाक्य
Why is the English Language So Standardized — Ocean Vuong
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
93 वाक्य
How Culture affects your Personality
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1291 वाक्य
Why did white men conquer the world?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
89 वाक्य
Civilization: The UK – Definition |👩🏫 شرح درس 💯✅️.
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
142 वाक्य
The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
165 वाक्य
How Gross Was the Past, Really?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
106 वाक्य
What is History? E.H. Carr
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
327 वाक्य
Episode 3: The Indo-European Family Tree
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
84 वाक्य
Contemporary Topics 3 Unit 8 POLICIAL SCIENCE big brother and the surveillance society
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
6 वाक्य
Why is Stephen Fry so passionate about the ancient Greeks?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
आप क्या सीखेंगे
इस वीडियो में, आप कुछ महत्वपूर्ण कौशल विकसित करेंगे जो आपकी अंग्रेजी बोलने की क्षमता को बढ़ाएंगे। सबसे पहले, आप इतिहास और सभ्यताओं के बारे में बातचीत कैसे की जाती है, इसे समझेंगे। दूसरी बात, आप अपने विचारों को स्पष्ट और प्रभावी तरीके से व्यक्त करने की कला सीखेंगे। तीसरी बात, आप संवाद में आने वाले सवालों और उत्तरों के बीच के संबंध को बेहतर ढंग से समझ पाएंगे। यह सब आपके अंग्रेजी बोलने के आत्मविश्वास को बढ़ाने में मदद करेगा।
इन ध्वनियों पर ध्यान दें
वीडियो में आप कुछ खास ध्वनियों और उनकी जुड़ाई को सुनेंगे। खासकर, connected speech का उपयोग और reductions जैसे "going to" को "gonna" में बदलना। ये चीजें सुनने में थोड़ी कठिन हो सकती हैं, लेकिन जब आप इन्हें समझने लगेंगे, तो आप अपनी अंग्रेजी संचार तकनीक में एक नया स्तर प्राप्त करेंगे। जब आप इन ध्वनियों पर ध्यान देंगे, तो आप अंग्रेजी शैडोइंग तकनीक का उपयोग करके इन्हें आसानी से बोलने में कॉपी कर सकेंगे।
जैसे एक मूल निवासी बोलें
जब आप इस वीडियो को सुनते हैं, तो जिस तरह से बोलने वाले की rhythm और stress को पहचानें। उनके बोलने का तरीका आपके लिए एक उदाहरण है। उदाहरण के लिए, अगर बोलने वाला किसी शब्द पर जोर देता है, तो आप भी उसी पर जोर दें। इससे आपकी उच्चारण क्षमता में सुधार होगा और आप अधिक स्वाभाविक ढंग से बोल पाएंगे। अपने अभ्यास में shadowspeak तकनीक का उपयोग करें। आप वीडियो के पीछे का अनुसरण कर सकते हैं और उनकी ध्वनि, लय और उच्चारण की नकल कर सकते हैं। यह न केवल आपकी सुनने की क्षमता को बढ़ाएगा, बल्कि आपकी बोलने की शैली को भी निखारेगा।
इन तकनीकों का नियमित अभ्यास आपके अंग्रेजी बोलने के कौशल को बढ़ाने में बहुत मददगार होगा। आप अपनी प्रगति को देखने के लिए shadow speech का अभ्यास कर सकते हैं, जिससे आपकी समस्या हल होगी और आप अधिक आत्मविश्वास के साथ संवाद कर सकेंगे।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | are seen · are uncivilized · are also usually associated |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have discovered · have speculated · have found |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | uncivilized, which is · anyone who did · majors, which is |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।