शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
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हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
165 वाक्य
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Hi there, my name's John Green and this is Crash Course World History.
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Today we're going to talk about Egypt.
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No, not that Egypt.
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Older.
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Older.
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Older.
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Less fictional.
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Yes! That one.
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Ancient Egypt is probably the most influential of the River Valley civilizations.
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Like, you may not recognize any Assyrian kings or Assyrian language, but you probably do know King Tut.
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And you may recognize that the Eye of Horus is right now staring at me and judging me.
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I can feel, I can feel your judgment!
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When we think of ancient civilizations, we think of Egypt.
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There are a few reasons for this, like the fact that the pyramids are the last man standing among the seven ancient wonders of the world,
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but more importantly, ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from 3000 BCE to 332 BCE.
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That's a period that historians call a long-ass time.
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And I will I'll remind you it is not cursing if I'm talking about donkeys.
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So there are many approaches to the study of history.
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You can view history as a millennial-long conversation about philosophy, or as clashes between great men, or you can see history through the lens of traditionally neglected populations,
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like women, or indigenous peoples, or slaves, and we're going to try to take many approaches to our study of history during Crash Course.
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Mr. Green!
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Mr. Green!
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Mr. Green!
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Which approach is right?
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I mean, for the test.
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Oh, me from the past.
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Remember how you spent all of third year French writing notes back
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and forth to that girl and she eventually agreed to go out with you and you did make it to second base, but now you can hardly parle un mot de Francais?
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Historical lenses are like that, my friend.
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With every choice, something is gained and something is lost.
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Right, so in discussing agriculture and early river valley civilizations, we've been approaching history through the lens of resource distribution and geography.
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And just as the violent and capricious Tigris and Euphrates rivers shaped the worldview of early Mesopotamians, the Nile shaped the worldview of the Egyptians.
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Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
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The Nile was regular, navigable, and benign, making for one of the safest and richest agricultural areas in the world.
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Each summer, the river flooded the fields at precisely the right time, leaving behind nutrient-rich silt for planting season.
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Planting was so easy that Egyptians just tossed seeds around the silty earth
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and then let their cattle or pigs walk on it to press the seeds into the ground, and then boom, grain and figs and wheat and pomegranates and melons and joy.
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Unlike most river valley civilizations, Egyptian communities existed only along the Nile,
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which was navigable enough to get valuable resources downstream from timber to gold, which the Egyptians considered the divine metal,
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thereby introducing an idea that would eventually culminate in Mr. T.
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The Nile is also easily tamed, While other river valley civilizations needed complicated and labor-intensive hydraulic engineering projects to irrigate crops,
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the Nile was so chill that Egyptians could use a simple form of water management called basin irrigation,
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in which farmers used floodwaters to fill earthen basins and canals for irrigation.
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In short, the awesomeness of the Nile meant Egyptians could create big food surpluses with relatively little work, allowing time and energy for some pretty impressive projects.
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Also the Nile may help explain ancient Egypt's general optimism.
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While ancient Sumerian religion, for instance, saw the afterlife as this gloomy,
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dark place, Egyptians were often buried with things that were useful and pleasurable to them in life, because the afterlife was seen as a continuation of this life.
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Which, at least if you lived along the Nile, wasn't half bad.
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Thanks Thought Bubble.
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And now, my dear pupils, I shall terrorize you with the oppression of dates.
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No. Dates.
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Yes.
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Thank you.
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Historians have divided Egyptian history into three broad categories, each with their own numbered dynasties.
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But only hardcore Egyptologists know the dynasties, and we're not trying to become hardcore Egyptologists.
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The Old Kingdom lasted from 2649 to 2152.
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The Middle Kingdom from 2040 to 1640, and the New Kingdom, so-called because it is only 3,000 years old, lasted from 1550 to 1070 BCE.
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In between you have a couple of so-called intermediate periods.
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Okay, Old Kingdom.
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This was really the glory age of Ancient Egypt, when you got all the stuff that would later make Indiana Jones possible, like the pyramids at Giza, and the Sun King Ra,
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and the idea of divine kingship.
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The king, or Pharaoh, was either a god or very close to a god, which seems like a good gig, except that it meant he wasn't expected to act like a person, he was expected to act like a god,
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which in ancient Egypt means acting like the Nile.
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Calm, cool, benevolent, there's no fun in that.
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And then of course there are the pyramids, which aside from remaining impressive to behold, represent a remarkable degree of political and social control over the population,
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because it is not easy to convince people to devote their lives to building a sarcophagus for someone else.
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The most famous pyramids were built between 2575 and 2465 BCE.
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The one with the Sphinx was built for Kefren, the largest, the Great Pyramid, was built for the Pharaoh Khufu.
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The pyramids were built partly by peasants who were required by
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Egyptian law to work for the government a certain number of months per year, and partly by slaves, but not by Moses
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and the Jews who showed up on the scene long before the pyramids were ever even a twinkle in Khufu's eye.
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This leads to an overwhelming question.
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Why?
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Why in the sweet name of Ra would anyone ever build such a thing?
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Well, let's start with Ra.
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So Ra started out as a regional god reigning over Heliopolis, but he eventually became really central to the entire pantheon of gods in ancient Egypt.
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He was the god of the sun, but also the god of creation.
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And the thinking was that if humans did their jobs, then the pantheon of gods would maintain cosmic order.
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And since the pharaohs became gods upon their death, it made sense to please them, even unto pyramids.
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Egyptian popular religion also embraced the belief in amulets and magic and divination, and the belief that certain animals, especially cats, had divine power.
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And yes, I did bring that up just so I could wall cat.
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Old Kingdom Egypt was also remarkably literate.
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They had two forms of writing, hieroglyphics for sacred writing, and then demotic script for recording contracts and agreements and other boring stuff.
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The last thing I want to say about Old Kingdom Egypt, it was ridiculously rich.
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But then, around 2250 BCE, there were a series of droughts and pharaohs started fighting over who should have power, and we had an intermediate period.
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Which was followed by the Middle Earth.
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You know what?
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The Middle Kingdom?
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Oh.
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That's a bummer, Stan.
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I want it to be the Middle Earth.
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How awesome would that be?
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Like, right in the middle of Egyptian history there were hobbits.
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So the Middle Kingdom, which apparently had no hobbits, restored pharaonic rule in 2040 BCE, but with some distinct changes.
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First, the new rulers were outsiders from downriver in Nubia.
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Second, they fostered a new pantheon of gods, the star of which was Amun, which means hidden.
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So here's a little lesson from history.
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Hidden gods tend to do well because they're omnipresent.
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So Amun eventually merged with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra, who was like the best god ever,
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and all the Middle Kingdom pharaohs made temples for him and devoted all of their surplus to his glory.
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The Middle Kingdom also developed an interest in conquering, specifically the new pharaoh's homeland of Nubia, and they developed a side interest in getting conquered,
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specifically by the Semitic peoples from the Levant.
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They were able to conquer much of Egypt using superior military technology like bronze weapons and compound bows and chariots of fire.
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What?
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They're just regular chariots?
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Stan, why are you always killing my dreams?
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One group, the Hyksas, were able to conquer all of Egypt, but rather than like destroying Egyptian culture, they just relaxed like the Nile and assimilated into the Egyptians.
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And the Egyptians adopted their military technology, and then the Egyptians destroyed the Hyksas and expelled them from Egypt.
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And then by 1550 BCE, there was again an Egyptian pharaoh, Amosus, whose name only sounds like an STD.
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Anyway, after all this conquering and being conquered, Egypt eventually emerged from its geographically imposed isolationism and...
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Can we cue the New Kingdom graphic, please?
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There it is!
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New Kingdom Egypt continued this military expansion, but it looked more like an empire, particularly when they headed south and took over land in an attempt to find gold and slaves.
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Probably the most expansive of the New Kingdom pharaohs was Hatshepsut, a woman who ruled Egypt for about 22 years,
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and who expanded Egypt not through military might, but through trade.
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But most New Kingdom pharaohs, being dudes, focused on military expansion, which brought Egypt into conflicts with the Assyrians, who you'll remember from last week,
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and then the Persians, and then Alexander the Great, and finally the Romans.
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On the whole, Egypt probably would have been better off enjoying its geographical isolation and not trying to conquer new territory, but all of Egypt's friends had jumped off a bridge, so...
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One last thing about the New Kingdom, there was this crazy New Kingdom pharaoh named Akhenaten, who tried to invent a new god for Egypt, Atten.
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Akhenaten was kind of the Kim Jong-il of ancient Egypt, like he had this feared police force and this big cult of personality and also he was a nut job.
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Anyway, after his death he was replaced by his wife, and then a daughter, and then a son,
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Tutankhaten, who turned his back on the weird god Aten and changed his name to Tutankhamen.
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And that is about all King Tut did before he died, probably around the age of 17.
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Honestly, the only reason King Tut is famous is that most pharaohs had their graves robbed by ancient people,
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and King Tut had his grave robbed by 20th century British people.
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Which brings us to the open letter.
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An open letter to King Tut.
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But first we gotta find out what Stan left for me in the secret compartment.
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It's a pen.
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I don't...
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AHHHHH!
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It's a shock pen!
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Stan!
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That was a terrible, terrible gift for the secret compartment.
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Dear King Tut, I know that as Pharaoh's lives go, yours was pretty poor.
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First, you had to marry your sister, which hopefully you weren't that psyched about.
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Plus you had a cleft palate and probably scoliosis.
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Plus, you died before reaching adulthood, but dude, you have had the best afterlife ever.
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Since your body was discovered in 1922, you've become probably the most famous ancient person.
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There have been lots of books about you, scholars have devoted their lives to you.
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Dude, we're so obsessed with you
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that we use this fancy new technology to scan your body
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and establish that you probably died of an infected broken leg and or malaria.
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Also, you've inspired such seminal works of art as the Discovery Kids series, Tootinstein, which my son forces me to watch, your relics have been to six continents?
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So it all works out in the end, man!
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Well, I mean, you're still dead, so that kind of sucks.
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Best wishes, John Green.
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King Tut leads us nicely to the really crucial thing about Egyptian culture.
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Because King Tut lived right around the same time as the pyramids, right?
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Wrong.
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Remember, the pyramids were built around 2500 BCE, during the Old Kingdom.
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King Tut died in 1322 BCE, 1200 years later.
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That's five and a half Americas, but because Egypt was so similar for so long, it all tends to blend together when we imagine it.
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Ancient Egypt lasted a thousand years longer than Christianity has been around
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and 800 years longer than that other super long-lived civilization, China.
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So there was an entire culture that lasted longer than Western civilization has existed, and it had run its course before the West was even born.
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Next week we'll be looking at the Persians and the Greeks.
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I'll see you then.
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Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller.
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The show is written by Raoul Meyer, my high school history teacher, and myself.
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Our script supervisor is Danica Johnson, and our graphics team is Thought Bubble.
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Last week's phrase of the week was male models.
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You can take your guess at this week's phrase of the week in comments, and also suggest future phrases of the week.
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And if you have any questions about today's video, leave them in comments, and our team of semi-professional quasi-historians will endeavor to answer them as best we can.
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Thanks for watching and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
यह B2 स्तर का स्पीकिंग पाठ वीडियो “Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History” पर आधारित है। सबसे ज़्यादा दोहराए गए शब्द ये हैं: Egypt, Egyptian, Kingdom, ancient, king। इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 165 वाक्य और 2184 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 11:44 लंबा है। वक्ता तेज़ बोलता है, लगभग 186 शब्द प्रति मिनट, इसलिए जुड़ी हुई और कमज़ोर ध्वनियाँ ज़्यादा मिलेंगी। केवल 78% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सबसे कठिन शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| pharaoh संज्ञा | /ˈfɛɹ(ˌ)oʊ/ | फ़िरौन |
| pyramid संज्ञा | /ˈpɪɹ.ə.mɪd/ | पिरमिड, पिरामिड |
| civilization संज्ञा | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | सभ्यता, संस्कृति |
| conquer क्रिया | /ˈkɑŋkɚ/ | जीतना, हराना |
| historian संज्ञा | /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/ | इतिहासकार, इतिहासज्ञ |
| lens संज्ञा | /lɛnz/ | लेंस |
| chariot संज्ञा | /ˈt͡ʃæɹi.ət/ | रथ |
| worldview संज्ञा | विश्वदृष्टि, विश्व-दृष्टिकोण | |
| compartment संज्ञा | /kəmˈpɑɹtmənt/ | डिब्बा |
| irrigation संज्ञा | /ˌɪɹəˈɡeɪʃən/ | सिंचाई |
| dynasty संज्ञा | /ˈdaɪnəsti/ | राजकुल, राजवंश |
| amulet संज्ञा | /ˈæm.jə.lɪt/ | तावीज़, कवच |
| assimilate क्रिया | /əˈsɪm.ɪ.leɪt/ | सम्मेलित |
| capricious विशेषण | /kəˈpɹɪʃəs/ | तरंगी, झक्की |
| literate विशेषण | /ˈlɪtəɹət/ | साक्षर, शिक्षित |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | is gained · is also easily tamed · were often buried |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have divided · have had · you've become |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | Amun, which means · woman who ruled |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 21 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे we're, don't, I'll। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: pantheon /ˈpænθiˌɑn/, earthen /ˈɝθən/, thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, irrigation /ˌɪɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, capricious /kəˈpɹɪʃəs/, divination /ˌdɪvɪˈneɪʃən/, isolationism /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃəˌnɪzəm/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, navigable /ˈnævɪɡəbəl/, irrigation /ˌɪɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, intermediate /ɪn.tə(ɹ)ˈmi.di.ət/
हिंदी भाषियों के लिए मुश्किल ध्वनियाँ:
- /v/ और /w/ का फ़र्क़ — /v/ में ऊपर के दाँत निचले होंठ को छूते हैं, /w/ में होंठ गोल होते हैं: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, devote /dɪˈvəʊt/, navigable /ˈnævɪɡəbəl/, benevolent /bəˈnɛvələnt/, divination /ˌdɪvɪˈneɪʃən/
- /z/ — इसे “ज” (/dʒ/) न बनाएँ: civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/, lens /lɛnz/, isolationism /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃəˌnɪzəm/, omnipresent /ˌɔmnɪjˈpɹɛz(ə)nt/, optimism /ˈɑptɪmɪzəm/
- शब्द की शुरुआत में s + व्यंजन — पहले “इ” न जोड़ें: stare /stɛɚ/, scholar /ˈskɑlɚ/, scan /skæn/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर pharaoh, pyramid, civilization जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।