शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Mesopotamia: Crash Course World History #3 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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Hi there, I'm John Green.

You're watching Crash Course World History, and today we're going to talk about...

Iraq.

No, you purportedly smart globe.

We're going to talk about Mesopotamia.

I love Mesopotamia because it helped create two of my favorite things, writing and taxes.

Why do I like taxes?

Because before taxes, the only certainty was death.

Mr. Green, Mr. Green, did you know that you're referencing Mark Twain?

I'm not referencing Mark Twain, me, from the past.

I'm referencing Benjamin Franklin, who was probably himself referencing the unfortunately named playwright Christopher Bullock.

Listen, you may be smart, kid, but I've been smart longer.

By the way, today's illustration points out that an eye for an eye leaves the whole world monocular.

So about 5,000 years ago, in the land Meso, or between, the Tigris and Euphrates Potomoi, or rivers, cities started popping up,

much like they had in our old friend the Indus River Valley.

These early Mesopotamian cities engaged in a form of socialism where farmers contributed their crops to public storehouses,

out of which workers, like metal workers or builders or male models or whatever, would be paid uniform wages in grain. So basically...

Mr. Green, Mr. Green, were there really male models?

Can you do blue steel?

Oh younger version of myself, how I hate you.

Oh, the humiliation I suffer for you people.

That was my best blue steel.

That was as close as I can get.

So anyway, if you lived in a city, you could be something other than a shepherd, and thanks to this proto-socialism, you could be reasonably sure that you'd eat.

Stan, is there any way we can get another globe in here?

I feel like this shot is inadequately globed.

Yes, much better.

You know, you can tell the quality of a historian by the number of his or her globes.

But even though you could give up your flock, a lot of people didn't want to, and one of the legacies of Mesopotamia is the enduring conflict between country and city.

You see this explored a lot in some of our greatest art, like the Beverly Hillbillies and Deliverance and the showdown between Enkidu and Gilgamesh in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Gilgamesh is one of the oldest known works of literature and I'm not going to spoil it for you, there's a link to the poem in the video info,

but suffice it to say that in the showdown between country and city, the city wins.

So what were these city-states like?

Well let's take a look at one such city-state, Gilgamesh's hometown of Uruk, in the Thought Bubble.

walled city with an extensive canal system and several monumental temples called ziggurats.

The priests of these temples initially had all the power

because they were able to communicate directly with the gods and

that was a useful talent because Mesopotamian gods were moody and frankly pretty mean.

Like according to Gilgamesh, they once got mad at us

because we were making too much noise while they were trying to sleep

so they decided to destroy all of humanity with a flood.

The Tigris and Euphrates are decent as rivers go but Mesopotamia is no Indus Valley with its on-schedule flooding and easy irrigation.

A lot of slave labor was needed to make the Tigris and Euphrates useful for irrigation.

They're also difficult to navigate and flood unpredictably and violently.

Violent, unpredictable, and difficult to navigate.

Oh Tigris and Euphrates, how you remind me of my college girlfriend.

So I mean, given that the region tends to yo-yo between devastating flood and horrible drought, it follows that one would believe that the gods are kind of random and capricious,

and that any priests who might be able to lead rituals that placate those gods would be very useful individuals.

But about 1,000 years after the first temples, we find in cities like Uruk, a rival structure begins to show up.

The palace.

The responsibility for the well-being and success of the social order was shifting from gods to people.

A power shift that we'll see-saw throughout human history until probably forever, actually.

But in another development we'll see again, these kings, who probably started out as military leaders or really rich landowners, took on a quasi-religious role.

How?

by engaging in sacred marriage, specifically scoodily pooping with the high priestess of the city's temple.

So the priests were overtaken by kings, who soon declared themselves priests.

Thanks Thought Bubble.

So how do we know that these kings were scoodily pooping with lady priests?

Because they made a scoodily pooping tape and put it on the internet.

No!

Because there's a written record!

Mesopotamia gave us writing, specifically a form of writing called cuneiform, which was initially created not to like woo lovers or whatever,

but to record transactions, like How many bushels of wheat were exchanged for how many goats?

I'm not kidding, by the way.

A lot of cuneiform is about wheat and goats.

I don't think you can overestimate the importance of writing, but let's just make three points here.

First, writing and reading are things that not everyone can do, so they create a class distinction, one that in fact survives to this day.

Foraging social orders were relatively egalitarian, but the Mesopotamians had slaves, and they played this metaphorically resonant sport that was like polo,

except instead of riding on horses, you rode on other people.

And written language played an important role in widening the gap between classes.

Two, once writing enters the picture, you have actual history, instead of just a lot of guesswork and archaeology.

And three, without writing, I would not have a job.

So I'd like to personally thank Mesopotamia for making it possible for me to work while reclining in my lazy boy.

So why did this writing happen in Mesopotamia?

Well, the fertile crescent, while it is fertile, is lacking pretty much everything else.

In order to get metal for tools, or stone for sculpture, or wood for burning, Mesopotamia had to trade.

This trading eventually led Mesopotamia to develop the world's first territorial kingdom,

which will become very important and will eventually culminate in some extraordinarily inbred Habsburgs.

The city-state period in Mesopotamia ended around 2000 BCE, probably because drought and a shift in the course of rivers led to pastoral nomads coming in

and conquering the environmentally weakened cities, and then the nomads settled into cities of their own, as nomads almost always will.

Unless, wait for it, you are the Mongols.

These new Mesopotamian city-states were similar to their predecessors in that they had temples and writing and their own self-glorifying stories, but they were different in some important ways.

First, that early proto-socialism was replaced by something that looked a lot like private enterprise, where people could produce as much as they would like as long as they gave a cut,

also known as taxes, to the government.

We talk a lot of smack about taxes, but it turns out they're pretty important to creating stable social orders.

Things were also different politically, because the dudes who'd been the tribal chiefs became like full-blown

kings who tried to extend their power outside of cities and also tried to pass on their power to their sons.

The most famous of these early monarchs is Hammurabi, or as I remember him from my high school history class, the Hammer of Abbey.

Hammurabi ruled the new kingdom of Babylon from 1792 BCE to 1750 BCE.

Hammurabi's main claim to fame is his famous law code, which established everything from, like,

the wages of ox drivers to the fact that the punishment for taking an eye should be having an eye taken.

Hammurabi's law code can be pretty insanely harsh.

Like, if a builder builds a shoddy building and then the owner's son dies in a collapse,

The punishment for that is the execution of the builder's son.

The kid's like, that's not fair, I'm just a kid, what did I do?

You should kill my dad!

All of which is to say that Hammurabi's law code gives a new meaning to the phrase tough on crime, but it did introduce the presumption of innocence.

And in the law code Hammurabi tried to portray himself in two roles that should sound familiar, shepherd and father.

I am the shepherd who brings peace.

100

My benevolent shade was spread over the city.

101

I held the peoples of Sumer and Akkad safely on my lap.

102

So again we see the authority for protection of the social order shifting to men, not gods, which is important, but don't worry, it'll shift back.

103

Even though territorial kingdoms like Babylon were more powerful than any cities that had come before, and even though Babylon was probably the world's most populous city during Hammurabi's rule,

104

it wasn't actually that powerful, and keeping with the pattern, it was soon taken over by the formerly nomadic Kassites.

105

The thing about territorial kingdoms is they relied on the poorest people to pay taxes

106

and provide labor and serve in the army, all of which made you not like your king very much.

107

So if you saw any nomadic invaders coming by, you might just be like, Hey, nomadic invaders, come on in!

108

You seem better than the last guy!

109

Well, that was the case until the Assyrians came along anyway.

110

The Assyrians have a deserved reputation for being the brutal bullies of Mesopotamia.

111

But the Assyrians did give us an early example of probably the most important

112

and durable form of political organization in world history.

113

And also Star Wars history.

114

The Empire.

115

The biggest problem with empires is that, by definition, they're diverse and multi-ethnic, which makes them hard to unify.

116

So beginning around 911 BCE, the Neo-Assyrian Empire grew from its hometowns of Asher and Nineveh to include the whole of Mesopotamia, the eastern coast of the Mediterranean,

117

and even, by 680 BCE, Egypt.

118

They did this thanks to the most brutal, terrifying, and efficient army the world had ever seen.

119

More adjectives describing my college girlfriend.

120

For one thing, the army was a meritocracy.

121

Generals weren't chosen based on who their dads were.

122

They were chosen based on if they were good at generaling.

123

Stan, is generaling a word?

124

It is!

125

Also, they were super mean, like they would deport hundreds of thousands of people to separate them from their history and their families, and also moved skilled workers around where they were most needed.

126

Also, the Neo-Assyrians loved to find would-be rebels and lop off their appendages, particularly their noses for some reason.

127

And there was your standard raping and pillaging and torture, all of which was done in the name of Asher, the great god of the Neo-Assyrians, whose divine regent was the king.

128

Asher, through the king, kept the world going, and as long as conquest continued, the world would not end.

129

But if conquest ever stopped, the world would end, and there would be rivers of blood, and weeping, and gnashing of teeth.

130

You know how apocalypses go.

131

The Assyrians spread this worldview with propaganda, like monumental architecture and readings about how awesome the king was at public festivals,

132

all of which was designed to inspire awe in the empire's subjects.

133

Oh, that reminds me, it's time for the open letter.

134

An open letter to the word awesome.

135

But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today.

136

Oh, Stan, is this yellow cake uranium?

137

You never find that in Mesopotamia.

138

Dear Awesome, I love you.

139

Like most contemporary English speakers, in fact, I probably love you a little too much.

140

The thing about you, Awesome, is that Awesome is just so awesomely awesome at being awesome.

141

So we lose track of what you really mean, Awesome.

142

You're not just cool, you're terrifying and wonderful.

143

Your knees buckling, chest tightening, fearful encounters with something radically other,

144

something that we know could both crush and bless us.

145

That is all.

146

And I apologize for having watered you down, but seriously, you're awesome.

147

Best wishes, John Green.

148

So what happened to the Assyrians?

149

Well first, they extended their empire beyond their roads, making administration impossible.

150

But more importantly, when your whole world view is based on the idea

151

that the apocalypse will come if you ever lose a battle, and then you lose one battle, the whole world view just blows up.

152

That eventually happened, and in 612 BCE, the city of Nineveh was finally conquered and the Neo-Assyrian Empire had come to its end.

153

But the idea of empire was just getting started.

154

Next week we'll talk about mummies.

155

Oh, I have to talk about other things too?

156

Crap, I only want to talk about mummies.

157

Anyway, we'll be talking about...

158

Sudan.

159

No!

160

Dang it!

161

We'll actually be talking about...

162

Egypt.

163

Thank you, Smart Globe.

164

See you next week.

165

and our team of semi-professional quasi-historians will endeavor to answer them.

166

Thanks for watching, and as we say in my hometown, don't forget to be awesome.

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 166 वाक्य और 2197 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 11:52 लंबा है। वक्ता तेज़ बोलता है, लगभग 185 शब्द प्रति मिनट, इसलिए जुड़ी हुई और कमज़ोर ध्वनियाँ ज़्यादा मिलेंगी। केवल 79% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो के 15 कम प्रचलित शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:

temple /ˈtɛm.pl̩/ (संज्ञा) — मंदिर, मठ. A house of worship dedicated to a polytheistic faith.
priest /ˈpɹiːst/ (संज्ञा) — याजक, पादरी. A religious clergyman (clergywoman, clergyperson) who is trained to perform services or sacrifices at a church or temple.
globe /ɡloʊb/ (संज्ञा) — ग्लोब. The eyeball.
flood /flʌd/ (संज्ञा) — बाढ़, सैलाब. An overflow of a large amount of water (usually disastrous) from a lake or other body of water due to excessive rainfall or other input of water.
hometown /ˈhoʊmˌtaʊn/ (संज्ञा) — गृहनगर. An individual’s place of birth, childhood home, or place of main residence.
territorial /ˌtɛɹ.əˈtɔɹ.i.əl/ (विशेषण) — अर्ज़ी, क्षेत्रीय. Of, relating to, or restricted to a specific geographic area, or territory.
shepherd /ˈʃɛpəɹd/ (संज्ञा) — गड़ेरिया, चूपान. A person who tends sheep, especially a grazing flock.
socialism /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/ (संज्ञा) — समाजवाद. Any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution…
poop /ˈpuːp/ (संज्ञा) — टट्टी, मल. Fecal matter; feces.
wage /weɪd͡ʒ/ (संज्ञा) — वेतन, तनख़्वाह. An amount of money paid to a worker for a specified quantity of work, usually calculated on an hourly basis and expressed in an amount of money per hour.
remind /ɹəˈmaɪnd/ (क्रिया) — याद दिलाना. To cause one to experience a memory (of someone or something); to bring to the notice or consideration (of a person).
punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/ (संज्ञा) — सज़ा, दण्ड. The act (action) or process of punishing, imposing and/or applying a sanction, typically by an authority or a person in authority (for example: a parent or…
slave /sleɪv/ (संज्ञा) — दास, ग़ुलाम. A person who is held in servitude as the property of another person, and whose labor (and often also whose body and life) is subject to the owner's volition…
brutal /ˈbɹuːtəl/ (विशेषण) — बर्बर, क्रूर. Savagely violent, vicious, ruthless, or cruel, often in an unintelligent manner.
goat /ɡoʊt/ (संज्ञा) — बकरी, बकरा. Any ruminant of the genus Capra.

वीडियो में आने वाली फ़्रेज़ल वर्ब

come along (क्रिया) — साथ चलना, साथ आना. To accompany.
look at (क्रिया) — हेरना. To observe or watch.

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

वक्ता 32 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे I'm, we'll, you're। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।

“sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: shepherd /ˈʃɛpəɹd/, socialism /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/, punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/, irrigation /ˌɪɹəˈɡeɪʃən/, reputation /ˌɹɛpjʊˈteɪʃən/
लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: territorial /ˌtɛɹ.əˈtɔɹ.i.əl/, socialism /ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/, historian /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/, apocalypse /əˈpɑkəlɪps/, irrigation /ˌɪɹəˈɡeɪʃən/

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर temple, priest, globe जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:

संरचना	वीडियो में
Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है	would be paid · was needed · were overtaken
Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी	cuneiform, which was · gods, which is · ethnic, which makes

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?

शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।

शैडोइंग तकनीक: पूरी चरण-दर-चरण गाइड पढ़ें →

शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Mesopotamia: Crash Course World History #3 - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें

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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव

इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली

वीडियो में आने वाली फ़्रेज़ल वर्ब

ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण

इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें

इस वीडियो का व्याकरण

शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?