Практика Shadowing: Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2 - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
Выберите режим практики
Каждый режим открывает полноэкранную комнату практики.
133 предложений
Если предложения слишком короткие или длинные, нажмите Edit, чтобы их изменить.
1
Hi, I'm John Green and this is Crash Course World History.
2
Let's begin today with a question.
3
Why am I alive?
4
Also, why don't I have any eyes?
5
Ah, that's better.
6
The way we answer that question ends up organizing all kinds of other thoughts, like what we should value, and how we should behave, and if we should eat meat, and whether we should dump that boy who is very nice
7
but insanely clingy in a way that he cannot possibly think is attractive.
8
All of which adds up- Mr. Green, Mr. Green, uh, are you talking about me?
9
Yes, I am talking about you, me from the past.
10
I am telling you that one of the reasons we study history is so that you can be a less terrible boyfriend.
11
But more on that momentarily.
12
Today we're going to talk about civilizations, but in order to do that, we have to talk about talking about civilizations, because it's a problematic word.
13
So problematic, in fact, that I have to turn to camera two to discuss it.
14
Certain conglomerations of humans are seen as civilizations, whereas, say, nomadic cultures generally aren't, unless you are, say it with me, the Mongols.
15
By calling some groups civilizations, you imply that all other social orders are uncivilized, which is basically just another way of saying that they're savages or barbarians.
16
Side note, originally Greek, the word barbarian denoted anyone who did not speak ancient Greek, because to the Greeks, all other languages sounded like bar bar bar bar bar bar bar.
17
So that is to say that we are all essentially barbarians, except for the classics majors, which is worth remembering when we're discussing civilizations.
18
Civilizations are like most of the things we like to study.
19
They're intellectual constructs.
20
No one woke up in the city of Thebes in Egypt one morning and said, What a beautiful morning!
21
I sure am living at the height of Egyptian civilization.
22
Still, they're useful constructs, particularly when you're comparing one civilization to another.
23
They're less useful when you're comparing a civilization to a non-civilization type social order, which is why we will try to avoid that.
24
And yes, I am getting to the good boyfriend stuff.
25
Patience, grasshopper.
26
So what is a civilization?
27
Well, diagnosing a civilization is a little like diagnosing an illness.
28
If you have four or more of the following symptoms, you might be a civilization.
29
Surplus production.
30
Once one person can make enough food to feed several people, it becomes possible to build a city, another symptom of civilization.
31
It also leads to the specialization of labor, which in turn leads to trade.
32
Like if everybody picks berries for a living, there is no reason to trade, because I have berries and you have berries.
33
But if I pick berries for a living and you make hammers, suddenly we have cause to trade.
34
are also usually associated with social stratification, centralized government shared values, generally in the form of religion, and writing.
35
And at least in the early days, they were almost always associated with rivers.
36
These days you can just bisect a segment of land horizontally and vertically and boom, build a city, but 5,000 years ago civilizations were almost always associated with rivers,
37
whether that's the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Yellow River, the Nile, the Amazon basin, the Coatzacoalcos.
38
Gah, I was doing so good until I got to Coatzacoalcos!
39
Coatzacoalcus.
40
Coatzacoalcus, maybe.
41
Why river valleys?
42
They're flat, they're well watered, and when they flood they deposit nutrient rich silt.
43
We'll have more to say about most of these civilizations later, but let's talk about this guy, the Indus Valley Civilization, because it's my all-time favorite.
44
The Indus Valley Civilization was located in the flood plain of the Indus and Souardi Rivers, and it was about the best place in the world to have an ancient civilization
45
because the rivers flooded very reliably twice a year, which meant that it had the most available calories per acre of pretty much anywhere on the planet.
46
We know the Indus Valley Civilization flourished a long time ago, probably around 3000 BCE.
47
Why is that question literally hanging over my head?
48
But people of the Indus Valley were trading with Mesopotamians as early as 3500 BCE.
49
We also know that it was the largest of the ancient civilizations.
50
Archaeologists have discovered more than 1500 sites.
51
So what do we know about this civilization?
52
Let's go to the Thought Bubble.
53
Everything we know about the Indus Valley Civilization comes from archaeology, because while they did use written language, we don't know how to read it, and no Rosetta Stone has thus far appeared to help us learn it.
54
I meant the other Rosetta Stone thought bubble.
55
Yeah, although come to think of it, either would be acceptable.
56
So here's what we know.
57
They had amazing cities.
58
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the best known, with dense, multi-story homes constructed out of uniformly sized bricks along perpendicular streets.
59
I mean, this wasn't some ancient world version of Houston, more like Chicago.
60
This means they must have had some form of government and zoning, but we don't know what gave this government its authority.
61
Cities were oriented to catch the wind and provide a natural form of air conditioning.
62
And they were clean.
63
Most homes were connected to a centralized drainage system
64
that used gravity to carry waste and water out of the city in big sewer ditches that ran under the main avenues, a plumbing system that would have been the envy of many 18th century European cities.
65
Also, in Mahendradara, the largest public building was not a temple or a palace, but a public bath, which historians call the The Great Bath.
66
We don't know what the Great Bath was used for, but since later Indian culture placed a huge emphasis on ritual purity, which is the basis for the caste system,
67
some historians have speculated that the bath might have been like a giant baptismal pool.
68
Also, they traded.
69
One of the coolest things that the Indus Valley civilization produced were seals, used as identification markers on goods and clay tablets.
70
These seals contain the writing that we still can't decipher and a number of fantastic designs, many featuring animals and monsters.
71
One of the most famous and frightening is of a man with what looks like water buffalo horns on his head, cross-legged between a tiger and a bull.
72
We don't know what's really going on here, but it's safe to say that this was a powerful dude because he seems to be able to control the tiger.
73
How did these seals let us know that they traded?
74
Well because we found them in Mesopotamia, not the Indus Valley.
75
Plus, archaeologists have found stuff like bronze in the Indus Valley that is not native to the region.
76
So what did they trade?
77
Cotton cloth.
78
Still such a fascinating export, incidentally, that it will be the subject of the 40th and final video in this very series.
79
Here's the most amazing thing about the Indus Valley people.
80
They were peaceful.
81
Despite archaeologists finding 1,500 sites, they have found very little evidence of warfare and almost no weapons.
82
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
83
Okay, before we talk about the fascinating demise of the Indus Valley civilization, it's time for the open letter.
84
Magic!
85
I wonder what the secret compartment has for me today.
86
Oh!
87
Fancy clothes!
88
I guess the secret compartment didn't think I was dressed up enough for the occasion.
89
An open letter to historians.
90
Dear historians, The Great Bath?
91
Really?
92
The Great Bath?
93
I'm trying to make history fascinating and you give me a term that evokes scented candles, bath salts, and Frederick Fekai hair products?
94
I know sometimes the crushingly boring names of history aren't your fault.
95
You didn't name the Federalist Papers or the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Adam Smith.
96
But when you do get a chance to name something, you go with The Great Bath?
97
Not the epic bath of Mohenjo-Daro, or the bath to end all baths, or the pool that ruled, or the moist mystery of Mohenjo-Daro, or the wet wonder.
98
The Great Bath?
99
Really?
100
You can do better.
101
Best wishes, John Green.
102
So what happened to these people?
103
Well, here's what didn't happen to them.
104
They didn't morph into the current residents of that area of the world, Hindu Indians or Muslim Pakistanis.
105
Those people probably came from the Caucasus.
106
Instead, sometime around 1750 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization declined until it faded into obscurity.
107
Why?
108
Historians have three theories.
109
One, conquest.
110
Turns out to be a terrible military strategy not to have any weapons, and it's possible people from the Indus Valley were completely overrun by people from the Caucasus.
111
Two, environmental disaster.
112
It's possible they brought about their own end by destroying their environment.
113
Three, earthquake.
114
The most interesting theory is that a massive earthquake changed the course of the rivers
115
so much that a lot of the tributaries dried up adequate water supplies for irrigation, the cities couldn't sustain themselves, so people literally just picked up and left for greener pastures.
116
Well, probably not pastures, it's unlikely they became nomads, they probably just moved to a different plain and continued their agricultural ways.
117
I am already boring you and I haven't even told you yet how to be a better boy and or girlfriend.
118
I'm gonna do that now.
119
So we don't know why the Indus Valley civilization ended, but we also don't really know why it started.
120
Why did these people build cities and dig swimming pools and make unnecessarily ornate seals?
121
Were they motivated by hunger, fear, a desire for companionship, the need to be near their sacred spaces, or a general feeling that city life was just more awesome than foraging?
122
Thinking about what motivated them to structure their life as they
123
did helps us to think about how we structure our own lives.
124
In short, you're clingy because you're motivated by fear and a need for companionship.
125
And she finds it annoying
126
because it's enough work having to be responsible for herself without having to also be responsible for you.
127
So you're not really helping her by clinging, and from the Indus Valley in the Bronze Age to school life today, human life is all about collaboration.
128
Trading cloth for bronze, building cities together, and collaborating to make sure that human lives are tilted to catch the wind.
129
Next week we will travel here to discuss the hot Mesopotamia, but in the meantime, if you have any questions,
130
leave them in comments and our team of semi-trained semi-professionals will do their best to answer them.
131
Also you'll find some suggested resources in the video info below, he said pointing at his pants.
132
Thanks for watching and we'll see you next week.
133
Don't forget to be awesome.
Скачать приложение
Всё для свободной речи
ИИ-оценка произношенияОценка каждой фразы
Практика IPAОсвойте каждый звук
СловарьСоберите свой словарный запас
Игра со словамиУчитесь играя
Тот же канал
B21
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
Crash Course US History Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B24
How Often do Asteroids Hit the Earth?: Crash Course Geology #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C13
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
Defense Against the Dark Arts of Influence: Crash Course Business Soft Skills #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
Planning & Organization: Crash Course Study Skills #4
Business EnglishHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
FOR YOU
Рекомендуемое видео
C11
105 предложений
What If Humanity Became Type 7 Civilization?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
77 предложений
Why sex, food, and shelter aren’t enough for Homo Sapiens | Agustín Fuentes
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C119 предложений
Why is the English Language So Standardized — Ocean Vuong
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1291 предложений
Why did white men conquer the world?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
89 предложений
Civilization: The UK – Definition |👩🏫 شرح درس 💯✅️.
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
93 предложений
How Culture affects your Personality
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
142 предложений
The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
165 предложений
How Gross Was the Past, Really?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
106 предложений
What is History? E.H. Carr
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
327 предложений
Episode 3: The Indo-European Family Tree
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
84 предложений
Contemporary Topics 3 Unit 8 POLICIAL SCIENCE big brother and the surveillance society
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
Что вы узнаете
Этот видеоролик поможет улучшить произношение английского, тренируя навык понимания быстрого разговорного языка и репликирования его ритма. Вы научитесь распознавать неожиданные паузы и интонационные акценты, которые делают речь живой, а также практикуете "shadowspeak" — технику повторения фраз сразу после говорящего, чтобы привыкнуть к естественной скорости речи.
Слушайте эти звуки
В диалоге часто встречаются сращения слов, например: "what a" → "whadda", "I’m telling you" → "Imtellin’you". Обратите внимание на редукции, как в " ‘cause" (вместо "because") или " ‘bout" (вместо "about"). Эти особенности разговорного английского делают речь более лёгкой, и их освоение поможет вам звучать более естественно при обучении английскому по видео.
Говорите, как носитель
Чтобы смоделировать ритм и ударения спикера, обратите внимание на то, как он подчёркивает ключевые слова: "civilizations", "surplus production", "Great Bath". Носители обычно усиливают звук на важных терминах, а менее значимые слова произносят быстро и сглаженно. Практикуйте "shadow speech" — повторяйте фразы сразу после видеоролика, пытаясь скопировать не только звуки, но и интонацию. Это поможет развить чувство ритма и сделать ваше произношение более уверенным.
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | are seen · are uncivilized · are also usually associated |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | have discovered · have speculated · have found |
| Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете | uncivilized, which is · anyone who did · majors, which is |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.