쉐도잉 연습: What is Philosophy?: Crash Course Philosophy #1 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
레슨 만드는 중...
1
Crash Course Philosophy is brought to you by Squarespace.
2
Share your passion with the world.
3
I'm Hank Green, and you and I are about to embark on a journey.
4
A journey of inquiry into the whole world.
5
Your world.
6
In an effort to figure out what gives it meaning, what makes it beautiful, where its evils come from, and ultimately, what is the very nature of reality itself.
7
Along the way, we're going to question every aspect of your own personal life.
8
Why do you do what you do?
9
Why do you think what you think?
10
Why do you feel what you feel?
11
Now, if you've joined me on Crash Course before, you might say, we've already learned all that stuff.
12
Like in psychology, in biology, in anatomy and physiology.
13
And it's true, science can definitely help us understand our thoughts and feelings and actions.
14
But on this particular journey, we're going to be exploring aspects of the human condition that can't be explained only by hormones or neurotransmitters,
15
by personal experiences or hereditary conditions.
16
Because all of those chemicals and experiences that make us who we are can actually raise as many questions as they answer.
17
Like, if all of my decisions really are just the result of how I was raised
18
and what chemicals I have flowing through my brain, then are any of my choices actually free?
19
And if I'm not truly free to make my own decisions or choose my own actions, then how can I be held accountable for them?
20
Yeah, it's gonna be that kind of journey.
21
Rather than just looking at the world and describing what we see, we'll be evaluating it.
22
We will take nothing as given, set our assumptions aside, or at least try really hard to, and do our best to see the world as if we've never seen it before.
23
And for what it's worth, we'll also be talking about Batman and what Dick Grayson can teach us about the concept of identity.
24
And we'll learn how The Matrix can help us understand the life and writing of Rene Descartes.
25
Also, we'll try to answer unanswerable questions and puzzle over paradoxes that have plagued geniuses for thousands of years.
26
It's gonna be hard and enlightening and frustrating, and if I do my job properly, it'll stick with you long after you and I have parted ways,
27
because we are going to do philosophy.
28
These days people use the word philosophy to describe some opinion they might have, or an approach they have to a certain topic.
29
Like you might have a philosophy when it comes to golf, though I personally do not.
30
But we are going to use this word more narrowly to describe a way of approaching the world
31
that traces its roots back to ancient Greece, 500 years before the Common Era.
32
This was a time of great intellectual movement around the world.
33
Buddhism and Jainism were developing in Asia at the same time philosophical thought was emerging in Greece.
34
There, scholars were tangled up in a distinction they were just beginning to make between philos and mythos, or what we'd now roughly call science and storytelling.
35
At that time, there were bards like Homer, who were trying to understand and explain the world through stories, while the earliest philosophers were using methods that were more analytical and scientific,
36
although they didn't really have the concept of science back then.
37
So, philosophia, literally the love of wisdom, was a new way of trying to make sense of the world.
38
When the earliest philosophers used the word philosophy, they basically meant the academic study of anything.
39
Which, like, I guess could include golf.
40
But at what we might call the first universities in the Western world, Plato's Academy and its rival Aristotle's Lyceum, math, biology, physics, poetry, political science,
41
and astronomy were all considered to be philosophy.
42
Eventually, scholars began thinking of these fields differently, as separate disciplines.
43
Studies that had strong empirical elements came to be considered science, a search for answers.
44
But philosophy came to be understood more as a way of thinking about questions.
45
Big questions.
46
And today, 2500 years after the ancient Greeks first brought them up, philosophers still love asking questions, oftentimes the same questions, and they don't mind that they never get an answer.
47
So, what are these big questions that have managed to intrigue and stump philosophers for so long?
48
One of the first might best be phrased as, what is the world like?
49
Sounds simple enough to answer, right?
50
Like, just look around and see all the stuff.
51
Well, this is what the world is like.
52
But the philosophical approach isn't just based on observation and it has other, much more complex questions packed inside it.
53
When a philosopher wonders what the world is like, she might really be asking, what's the nature of reality?
54
Like, is the world just made up of matter and energy, or is there something else going on?
55
And if it is just matter and energy, then where did it all come from?
56
Is there a god?
57
And if so, then what is he or she or it like?
58
And for that matter, when you're asking about the world, can you also be asking about the nature of yourself as a citizen of the world?
59
So, what kind of being am I?
60
Do I have a soul?
61
Is there something immaterial about me that will survive after I die?
62
All of these questions are ways of exploring what philosophers call metaphysics, one of the three main branches of philosophy, an effort to understand the fundamental nature of the world,
63
of the universe, and of being.
64
Now, if those questions aren't heady enough for you, we, as students of philosophy,
65
also have a whole separate set of questions that are about how we know the answers to any of this stuff.
66
This particular strain of philosophy, which is like, knowing about knowing, is epistemology.
67
Literally, the study of knowledge, the second major field of philosophy.
68
And it poses questions like, is the world really what I think it is?
69
Like, really, is everything I see and think and experience, is it actually true?
70
If it isn't, then what is true?
71
And what's the best way to go about figuring out the truth?
72
Is science the best way, or are there more ethereal paths to truth?
73
Paths that science can never really travel.
74
And let's say that after a lot of searching and question asking, I begin to develop some ideas, like an inkling about what might be true.
75
Then, how do I know if I'm right?
76
How will I ever know I'm wrong?
77
Can I ever be certain about anything?
78
Now at this point, I wouldn't blame you if you're thinking, Am I real?
79
Do I.. do I know anything?
80
Well, as questions go, these might not seem super practical.
81
But there's another area of philosophy that helps frame your thinking around what you actually do, like how you should act and what you should attach meaning to.
82
It's called value theory, and it's usually divided into two main branches.
83
The first is ethics.
84
You've heard of it.
85
It's the thing that politicians are always said to lack, and Jedi are supposed to have in great supply.
86
Though, don't get me started on the prequels.
87
In philosophy, though, ethics isn't just a code of what's right and what's wrong.
88
It's the study of how humans should live with each other.
89
Rather than just sitting around and judging people, ethics involves posing questions like, how should I live?
90
Is there any reason that I should treat, say, strangers differently than the people I love?
91
And for that matter, do I owe anything to myself?
92
What about animals or the earth?
93
And if I do have any of these obligations at all, where do they come from? Who says?
94
Ultimately, whatever system you use to decide what's good or evil, as human behavior goes, is determined by your values.
95
That's why ethics is considered part of value theory.
96
But the other part of value theory isn't about what's right.
97
It's about what's beautiful.
98
Aesthetics is the study of beauty and art.
99
Now the concept of beauty is talked about practically everywhere, from the media to art school to barber college.
100
But for philosophers, the pursuit of aesthetics involves considering what beauty is, and whether it even exists.
101
Aesthetics is a part of value theory, because beauty and art are things we value and evaluate.
102
And many people who study this particular kind of philosophy, known as estheticians, believe there is such a thing as the beautiful.
103
Something that doesn't just depend on what you happen to find attractive, but something that's just objectively true.
104
And finally, there's one more aspect of philosophy that I should mention, because it doesn't ask questions so much as help us find answers.
105
Yes, finally, some answers!
106
And that thing, which I happen to think can be beautiful in its own way, is logic.
107
Logic is the philosopher's toolbox.
108
It contains the saws and hammers, the microscopes and beakers that philosophers use to go about answering their questions in a clear, systematic way.
109
Logic is about reasoning, giving strong arguments that don't fall victim to fallacies, which are, as you will learn, the mortal enemies of philosophical precision.
110
Okay, so metaphysics, epistemology, value theory, they might all seem pretty airy and abstract.
111
But don't worry, because you have already done philosophy, even though you might not realize it.
112
You do it in almost every aspect of your life.
113
Every time you argue with your parents, or wonder if you should date someone, or decide to eat a salad instead of a ham and cheese hot pocket, you are doing philosophy.
114
Because you're thinking about the world and your place in it.
115
You're figuring out what you value, why you value it, and what you should do about it.
116
So here's our plan.
117
We're gonna learn about the major fields of philosophy, posing questions and considering possible answers along the way, and each time we will use a two-step method.
118
First, we'll really try to understand.
119
You're not gonna agree with all the ideas that I present to you, and I won't agree with them either.
120
That's not the point.
121
The point, in step one, is to really try to get inside of an idea, to understand it as charitably as possible.
122
Then in step two, you'll subject your understanding to some serious critical evaluation.
123
Basically, you'll try to knock down what you think you know about a particular view of the world.
124
And you'll do this whether you agree with the view or not.
125
Why?
126
Because only when you challenge your understanding of how some people view the world can you decide for yourself
127
if theirs is a view worth having.
128
Which leads me to my final point.
129
Philosophy is not your usual field of study.
130
I'm not going to be teaching you a body of knowledge where success means you know a bunch of stuff.
131
Success in this course will mean that you know how to think.
132
All we have are questions, and all you have is a brain.
133
And the goal of philosophy is for you to use your brain to come up with the answers
134
that make the most sense to you.
135
You'll learn how to formulate arguments to support your ideas, so you can explain why you think you're right.
136
Which, if you've ever been on the internet, you know is something that not a lot of people are good at.
137
In order to do that, you're going to need to understand philosophical reasoning, the tools we use to investigate life's most perplexing questions.
138
And that is where we're going to be headed the next time we meet.
139
For now, you've learned about the historical origins of philosophy in ancient Greece, and its three main divisions, metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory.
140
We also talked about logic, and how you're going to use it to understand and critically evaluate a whole host of different worldviews.
141
But not about golf.
142
This episode of Crash Course Philosophy is made possible by Squarespace.
143
Squarespace is a way to create a website, blog, or online store for you and your ideas.
144
Squarespace features a user-friendly interface, custom templates, and 24-7 customer support.
145
Try Squarespace at squarespace.com forward slash Crash Course for a special offer.
146
Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
147
You can head over to their channel to check out some amazing shows like The Good Stuff, PBS Space Time, and Physics Girl.
148
This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C.
149
Kinney Crash Course Studio with the help of these amazing people, and our graphics team is Thought Cafe.
📺 같은 채널
C11
Vectors and 2D Motion: Crash Course Physics #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C11
The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
Crash Course US History Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Unit Conversion & Significant Figures: Crash Course Chemistry #2
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B24
How Often do Asteroids Hit the Earth?: Crash Course Geology #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C11
What Is Myth? Crash Course World Mythology #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C15
Mesopotamia: Crash Course World History #3
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
✨ 추천 영상
C18
549 문장
Philosophy of Science Lecture #1: Introduction
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C110
168 문장
The Agricultural Revolution: Crash Course World History #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C114
107 문장
Sheldocracy Is the Only Ethical Solution | Young Sheldon
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C16
122 문장
2. Socratic Citizenship: Plato's Apology
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C116
158 문장
Introduction to Cognitive Bias: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C1133 문장
Hegel: Philosophy of world history and spirit
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C1252 문장
Mes arguments philosophiques préférés
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
120 문장
Philomena Cunk being Philomena Cunk
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
128 문장
The Most Controversial Problem in Philosophy
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C221
534 문장
Dr. Jordan B. Peterson | Introduction to Nietzsche | Lecture 1 (Official)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C12
98 문장
Massimo Pigliucci - Philosophy of Ecology & the Environment
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
9 문장
Our Greatest Delusion
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
영어 학습에 도움이 되는 비디오 배경
이 비디오는 "철학이란 무엇인가"에 대해 쉽게 설명하는 내용으로, Hank Green이 철학의 기본 개념과 역사, 주요 분야를 소개합니다. 과학과 이야기의 차이, 메타물리학과 인식론 같은 전문 용어도 등장하지만, 일상적인 대화체로 풀어내어 이해하기 쉽습니다. 영어 학습자에게는 다양한 어휘와 문장 구조, 논리적인 말하기 방식을 배울 수 있는 좋은 기회입니다.
일상 대화에 쓸 수 있는 인기 표현 5가지
- embark on a journey: "여행을 시작하다"가 아니라 "새로운 활동이나 프로젝트를 시작하다"는 뜻으로, "우리는 함께 철학 탐구의 여정을 시작할 거예요"처럼 사용합니다.
- take nothing as a given: "당연한 것으로 받아들이지 않다"는 뜻으로, 논쟁이나 의견을 제시할 때 "모든 가정을 의심하고 시작해야 해요"처럼 쓸 수 있습니다.
- stick with you: "기억에 남다"는 뜻으로, "이 강의 내용이 오래 기억에 남을 거예요"처럼 사용합니다.
- tangled up in: "복잡하게 얽히다"는 뜻으로, "그들은 과학과 이야기의 차이에 대해 복잡한 논의를 하고 있었어요"처럼 표현합니다.
- pose questions: "질문을 제기하다"는 뜻으로, "인식론은 '진실이란 무엇인가'와 같은 질문을 제기해요"처럼 사용합니다.
쉐도잉 연습 가이드: 이 비디오를 활용하는 방법
이 비디오는 어휘가 풍부하고 논리적인 구조가 뚜렷해 영어 쉐도잉에 좋습니다. 특히 IELTS 스피킹 준비생들에게 유용한데, 논리적인 말하기 연습에 도움이 되기 때문이죠. 다음 단계로 연습해 보세요:
1단계: 비디오를 2-3번 듣고 전체 흐름 파악
속도가 빠르지만 발음이 명확하니, 먼저 전체 내용을 이해하는 데 집중하세요. "철학의 정의", "주요 분야" 등 키워드를 찾아 적어두면 좋습니다.
2단계: 짧은 구절로 나눠 shadow speak 연습
한 문장씩 멈추고 즉시 따라하세요. "We are going to do…philosophy!"처럼 강조하는 부분은 발음과 억양을 잘 따라야 합니다. shadowing site에서 비슷한 내용을 찾아 연습하면 효과가 더 좋아요.
3단계: 논리적인 구조 따라 말하기 연습
비디오에서 사용된 "질문 제기 → 설명 → 예시" 구조를 따라 자신의 말로 다시 표현해 보세요. 이렇게 하면 shadow speech 뿐만 아니라 논리적인 말하기 능력도 향상됩니다.
꾸준히 연습하면 영어 실력뿐만 아니라 철학에 대한 지식도 쌓을 수 있을 거예요!
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | is brought · can't be explained · was raised |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | you've joined · we've never seen · have plagued |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | philosophy, which is · people who study · fallacies, which are |
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.