쉐도잉 연습: Introduction to Cognitive Bias: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #1 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
레슨 만드는 중...
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Two thousand years ago, people looked up at the sky and they saw that everything up there seemed to move.
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So naturally, the Earth was staying still, and everything else was rotating around us.
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It was a story that just made sense to millions of people, and it stuck around well into the 16th century.
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If I'd been alive then, I would have believed this story.
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I mean, even today, I feel like I must be at the center of something.
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That idea, of course, was wrong.
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But we didn't believe it forever we've found ways to step out of our old stories and find something much more interesting.
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Hi, I'm Hank Green, and this is Crash Course Scientific Thinking.
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Science!
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It is a never-ending quest for knowledge, a way of interrogating our universe to figure out how it works, a tool to guide us when our intuition isn't enough.
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And also, it can be quite fun.
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Sometimes you get to pull stuff up.
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In the years since Copernicus put forth the theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun, we've learned that some questions are just too big,
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too complex, or too bizarre to trust our gut with.
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When we rely on intuition alone to answer those big, complicated questions, our brains fall prey to cognitive biases,
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predictable weaknesses in the way we've evolved to think.
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Our brains are very good at finding patterns.
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We've evolved this skill because it's super helpful for survival.
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It helped our ancestors spot the telltale signs of predators and recognize when certain plants might be poisonous.
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We have always paid attention to and learned from our world.
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Those pattern recognition skills have also been linked to some very special human qualities, like our ability to imagine and invent.
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Like, it's what made me notice that Hank and Anglerfish sound vaguely similar, so that I could invent something called the Hanklerfish.
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Bad puns are still good pattern recognition.
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It's also why we are so good at telling stories, because really, that's all a story is.
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A recognizable pattern of information.
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And more importantly, our highly evolved pattern recognition skills allow our brains to apply mental shortcuts
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or heuristics that help us solve simple problems quickly and make life livable.
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They are the brain's way of copy-pasting stories we already have onto new information
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so that we don't expend a bunch of brain power in every direction all the time.
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They are why I don't have to stop and think, what will happen if I touch this hot stove top?
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My brain picked up the pattern of touching hot things bad long ago, and it keeps resurfacing it whenever I need it to keep me safe.
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And that's all well and good for avoiding hot things, but those same mental shortcuts also open us up to cognitive bias.
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Now, cognitive bias isn't inherently bad, and that's good because everybody's got it.
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And I'm not talking about explicit bias here, where someone is consciously aware that they are discriminating against a person.
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Cognitive biases happen unconsciously.
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They are implicit biases, when our decision-making is influenced by beliefs and patterns we aren't even consciously aware of.
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Consider this modern-day example of a cognitive bias, skewing many people's perception of risk.
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In early 2025, after a mid-air collision between a commercial airplane and a military helicopter,
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People started paying a lot of attention to every near-miss and airport mishap, and it felt like planes were crashing every day.
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The media ran with this, and the algorithms amplified it.
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At the time, 65% of Americans said they felt more anxious about flying.
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But when we took a look at the actual data, the number of accidents compared to the same time in 2024 remained the same,
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and flying remained an incredibly safe form of travel.
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So why did so many of us feel like it wasn't?
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Well, for efficiency, our brains often put more weight on the most readily available information around.
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We call this — wait for it — availability bias, when people make judgments based on the information that's easily available.
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The truth is, you're far more likely to be in a car crash than a plane crash.
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But when plane crashes do happen, we hear about them a lot, especially in today's algorithm-driven news cycle.
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So that information is way easier to call to mind than the fact
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that over 120 people in the US die in car accidents every day.
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Availability bias is a big way our brains mislead us.
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But probably the biggest is confirmation bias.
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That's our brain's tendency to accept information that agrees with things we already believe and filter out stuff that contradicts it.
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Like, if someone already believed that flying was dangerous, then the news stories about the 2025 crash likely reinforced that belief.
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Or here's an example you might be familiar with.
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Have you ever been told that you are a visual learner, or maybe that you learn best by listening to other people?
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In a study published in the Journal of Educational Psychology,
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more than 90% of participants said that people learn better when they're taught using the learning style that best suits them.
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A similar survey of colleges in the US revealed that out of the 39 surveyed, 29 of them teach learning style theory as part of their guidance for teachers.
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And here's the kicker, there is no scientific evidence to support the idea of personalized learning styles.
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So why is this myth so prevalent?
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Researchers have pointed out that it persists at least in part thanks to confirmation bias.
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As one researcher put it, people are obviously different and learning styles appear to offer educators a way to accommodate individual learner differences.
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So someone who believes they've seen these methods have a positive impact might reject evidence against them,
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just like I might and sometimes do reject evidence that the butt is not part of the legs.
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And these are just a few of the cognitive biases we all have.
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We haven't even gotten into how we cling to first impressions, that's anchoring bias, or how we tend to believe the events of the past were predictable, that's hindsight bias.
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Ultimately, we all want the world to make sense.
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But when we rely on these simple shortcuts for the wrong things, they can keep us from being open to evidence.
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So what do we do about this?
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Well, over the last few centuries, humans have developed a new way of looking at the world.
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One that doesn't just explain what feels right, but tests what is right.
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This is what people are usually talking about when they say the word science.
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Not the body of knowledge, but the systems used to interrogate the universe.
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From astronomy to zoology, science is a way of building knowledge that's durable, communal, and long-lasting.
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And to help us learn more, I think we need a little Sage advice.
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Let's give it up for science, everyone!
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Hi, Sage, everybody to Sage.
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Hello, I'm Sage the Bad Naturalist.
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I'm a dork, a painter, a creator of the YouTube channel Sage the Bad Naturalist.
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I make videos about fungi, plants, research papers, and learning something new, even when science goes wrong.
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And I'm here to help Hank spread some...
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sage advice.
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I love that we're talking about cognitive bias today, Hank, because the process of science is actually designed to overcome biases,
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from methods to reliance on evidence, and especially the fact that science is communal.
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It gets vetted by a whole community, not just one guy in a bathtub shouting, Eureka!
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No shame to Archimedes, of course.
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I personally love peer review, which we'll talk about in a later episode.
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But Sage, what is your favorite bias-busting science method?
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For me, it has to be randomized control trials.
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It's a multi-step process for research that's used a lot in testing new medicine, and each step was designed to reduce the chance of bias.
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Say scientists want to test a new diabetes medicine.
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Well, there's a lot of potential for bias in that process.
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Like, they might accidentally influence the results of the trial by their selection of the participants.
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That's why we say everyone has cognitive bias, even scientists.
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Exactly.
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So to avoid those biases, scientists select the members at random.
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And when they're testing a new drug, there's all kinds of potential for confirmation bias.
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So they sort some of the members into a control group that gets either no treatment, a placebo, which looks like the real drug but doesn't actually do anything,
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or an older proven drug.
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That way they can compare the results.
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I love a randomized control trial
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because it is such a good example of the ways
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that scientists have recognized their own potential for bias and designed their research to reduce it as much as possible.
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Like how sometimes when researchers need to eliminate bias even further, they do double-blind studies where neither the participants or the scientists know
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which people are in the trial and which are in the control.
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Right?
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Scientific thinking at work.
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We've come so far from thinking we're the center of the solar system.
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Science High Five!
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And that's been your Sage advice.
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Thanks, Sage.
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And here's the coolest part.
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You can watch out for cognitive bias in your own thinking, too.
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One of the easiest
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and most important things you can do to fight back against bias is just understanding
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that it's real and accepting that you have it.
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Being aware of bias gives you the chance to look out for its influence on your decisions.
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Anybody who says they don't have any biases is just waving a huge red flag.
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Another way is to interact with lots of people, especially people who are different from you.
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Bias likes to tell us that our experience is the only reality.
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But to really understand the world, we need community.
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Scientists do this too.
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They are endlessly testing and vetting each other's claims.
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Without expertise from a diversity of scientists, the scientific process would fail.
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And by that same token, you can't overcome your biases on your own either.
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Unlike those gut feelings we get, science requires evidence.
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So whenever we consume science news that goes against an idea or experience we believe to be true,
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it's good to remember that our cognitive bias might be working against us.
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Which ties into another big bias buster, cognitive flexibility.
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Your ability to imagine options or explanations beyond your gut reaction.
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In other words, being able to say, you know what?
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Maybe I was wrong.
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I know, right?
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In this economy?
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On this internet?
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You can do it, though.
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It's good for you.
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Throughout this series, we're going to talk a lot more about how the scientific process works, so that when we see news stories about science,
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we'll better understand what's going on behind the scenes.
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And that knowledge is going to help us all respond better to the science on our social media feeds, in our group chats, and at our dinner tables.
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By the way, isn't it just extremely wild that our brains can think of ways to outsmart the ways they think?
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Remember, we all have cognitive biases.
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They're not something to be ashamed of.
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They're just our brain's way of solving problems faster.
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But the world is very weird.
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So often, our mental shortcuts don't work.
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That's where scientific thinking comes in.
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Science relies on evidence evaluated by a community of experts.
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And it has systems that are designed to reduce bias.
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It's not perfect, but it's one of the best tools we have.
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Next time, we're going to explore the wild world of statistics.
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I'll see you then.
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This episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking was produced in partnership with HHMI Biointeractive,
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bringing real science stories to thousands of high school and undergrad life science classrooms.
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If you're a teacher, visit their website for resources that explore the topics we discussed in today's video.
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Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Scientific Thinking, which was filmed in Missoula, Montana and was made with the help of all of these nice people.
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If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever, you can join our community on Patreon.
왜 이 비디오로 말하기 연습을 해야 할까요?
이 비디오에서 다루는 인지 편향의 개념은 일상생활에서 자주 마주하는 다양한 의사결정 상황과 관련이 있습니다. 또한, 과학적 사고를 통해 세상을 바라보는 방법을 배울 수 있습니다. 이러한 주제를 영어로 토론해봄으로써, 여러분은 자연스럽게 영어 쉐도잉 능력을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 다양한 인지 편향에 관한 이야기들은 이야깃거리가 풍부하여 친구들이나 동료들과의 대화에서도 유용하게 활용할 수 있습니다. 유튜브 영어 공부를 통해 실생활의 예시와 함께 학습하면, 영어 회화 능력을 더욱 효과적으로 개선할 수 있습니다.
문법 및 표현 분석
- “We have always paid attention to and learned from our world.” 이 문장은 현재완료 시제를 사용하여 과거부터 현재까지의 지속적인 행동을 강조합니다.
- “Cognitive biases happen unconsciously.” 여기서는 수동태 표현을 사용하여 인지 편향이 어떻게 발생하는지를 명확하게 전달합니다.
- “You're far more likely to be in a car crash than a plane crash.” 이 문장은 비교구문을 사용하여 두 가지 상황을 분명하게 대비시킵니다.
이러한 문법 구조를 활용하면 자신의 의견을 보다 효과적으로 전달할 수 있으며, shadowspeak 기술을 통해 구체적인 상황에서 대화하는 데 필요한 어휘와 표현을 연습할 수 있습니다.
일반적인 발음 함정
이 비디오에서는 몇 가지 발음이 특히 주의해야 할 함정이 있습니다. 예를 들어, “cognitive bias”라는 표현은 자주 사용되지만, 첫 부분의 발음이 쉽지 않습니다. “availability bias”도 마찬가지로 많은 사람들에게 혼란을 줄 수 있는 표현입니다.
이런 단어들을 연습할 때는 shadowing site를 이용해 비디오의 음성을 반복적으로 따라 하면서 정확한 발음을 익히는 것이 효과적입니다. 반복적이고 집중적인 연습을 통해 발음의 정확도를 높일 수 있습니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.