쉐도잉 연습: Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1 - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기

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Four billion years ago, something very strange happened on this planet.

We call it life.

And I dare any person, any of you, to tell me that it isn't the most interesting thing that has ever happened.

Thankfully for all of us, it's still happening.

It's happening as much, if not more, than ever.

It's squishy, slippery, and slimy, and sticky, and spiky.

And you'll find all the shapes.

Moss-shaped, mosquito-shaped, manatee-shaped, U-shaped, and all the sizes too.

From tiny to tremendous, and everything in between.

And biology is the study of this thing we call life.

We study biology for a whole bunch of different reasons.

From the obvious, like making new medicines, to the not-so-obvious, like learning how to identify misinformation.

And we use biology to describe anything that life does.

Quick, are you breathing right now?

That is a biological process.

Life does a lot of stuff, but it's not so easy to pin down what life is.

Like, okay, for sure, that ant is alive.

It responds to its environment, like the crumb it just found.

And it must reproduce, based on how many of these ants I see coming right now.

But other things respond to their environment, too.

Like if that's our definition, is fire alive?

Is a computer virus alive?

Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?

Now, I'm a bit biased as a biologist, and a living thing, but life is the most interesting thing to have ever happened on Earth.

when we are not even sure what it is.

Hi, I'm Dr. Sammy, and this is Crash Course Biology.

Wait, am I alive?

I am alive, right?

Because we just introduced some serious uncertainty here.

Life feels like something you know when you see it.

But humans have wrestled with how to define it for centuries.

Like the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle thought the ability to grow,

reproduce, and react to inner and outer forces set life apart from non-life.

He was off track with some other observations, like he thought that women have fewer teeth than men, and that eels are made of mud.

But on the subject of life, he was really onto something.

Modern day biologists tend to agree that life involves a state of chemical balance that reproduces and evolves over generations.

In fact, that's also the definition that NASA uses, should they ever see signs of such a thing beyond Earth.

A self-sustaining chemical system capable of evolution.

But for now, here on Earth, generations of scientists have developed a list of seven characteristics that sort the stones,

not alive, from the stonefish, definitely alive.

We know you're there, stonefish.

You can't trick us no matter how good that disguise is.

First, living things keep their inner conditions steady as outer conditions change.

And that's called regulation.

Like, on a scorching hot day when I am dripping sweat and my dog is panting,

our bodies are using two different strategies for the same life-sustaining goal, regulating our temperature.

Second, living things respond to their environment.

That includes dramatics, like when a fast and furious cheetah sprints after a gazelle, or house cats imagining that they're cheetahs, but they're actually batting at houseflies.

But it's also the slow-motion stuff of the plant world, like the turn of a flower towards the sun, or a vine twisting on a branch.

Third, living things reproduce, passing on genetic information to their offspring.

And that includes the bouncing baby giraffe, who inherited her father's eyelashes, and their mother's extra thick tail hair.

But it also includes a single-celled yeast, splitting in two, making more of itself in its own image.

Oh, Yeasty the 52nd, carrying on the family name.

Fourth, living things also grow and develop based on the instructions in their genes.

Reading those instructions triggers a tadpole to turn into a frog, or a teenage boy's voice to change.

Unfortunately, genes can't prevent those instructions from being read the day before his solo of Oh Holy Night.

Terrible timing there, when all in one night your voice goes from Mariah Carey to Barry White.

Aww yeah, baby.

It's a bit of a mess.

Fifth, all living things process energy to do their, well, living things.

Like, my body is using nutrients from a Greek salad right now to breathe, pump blood, and talk to you.

And all that energy was processed by the living things that supplied my lunch.

So this episode of Crash Course is brought to you in part by a lettuce plant, an olive tree, and, oddly enough, the milk of a sheep.

Sixth, life is organized, even in living things that seem chaotically arranged to humanize.

I'm looking at you, platypus.

Yeah, even those weirdos have a sense of order structuring their bodies from the cells up.

Those groups of cells, arranged into tissues, organs, and organ systems, keep whole organisms functioning.

And last on the list, living things have adaptations shaped by a history of evolution.

These adaptations are traits that help organisms survive and reproduce.

Individuals that survive and reproduce pass on their genes and traits associated with them.

That's how the platypus ended up with such a weird, cool body, That includes not just webbed feet, but also venomous spurs to battle their rivals.

Like, what are you even doing with those, buddy?

You have almost no native predators.

Don't you point those at me.

Wander around with this checklist of life, and you can find evidence of it in lots of interesting forms.

Beetles, ferns, algae, yourself, your neighbor.

I mean, please ask first before looking for that evidence.

Don't spy on your neighbor.

And at the same time, some of these traits can be found in non-living things, too.

Like, take snowflakes.

Definitely organized, but they don't process energy.

Or think about fire.

It grows, but it can't reproduce.

And then there are some real edge cases.

The gray areas where our definition of what's living and what's not really gets pushed to the limit.

Let's head to the Thought Bubble.

Meet the virus.

A tiny bundle of genes in a protein jacket, even smaller than a cell.

their own.

In their little protein jackets, viruses just kinda hang out.

They can't reproduce, they can't grow, they cannot process energy.

They don't even regulate themselves, because nothing's really happening.

They're like really complicated dust.

But when those jackets come off, watch out!

Viruses seem wildly alive.

Their genetic information replicates.

They spread between living things, multiplying to infect other cells.

And just like cockroaches, cactuses, and chimpanzees, they evolve over many generations.

But there is a catch.

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A virus can't do any of those things without first taking over a host cell.

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They can't take action to infect.

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They have no system for responding to their environment.

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They are totally dependent on bumping into the right cell at the right time.

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And every lifelike virus is a cell that has been commandeered to do all the work.

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In fact, viruses like rabies direct their hosts so convincingly

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that 19th century scientists thought that they were among the simplest forms of life.

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But today, most biologists would say viruses aren't alive.

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And I'd like to emphasize most.

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Instead, viruses sit alongside life.

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In a way, they borrow life.

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And yet, we also know that viruses have been around a long time, almost as long as cells themselves.

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They've evolved to infect everything, from single-celled amoeba to 150-ton blue whales.

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So as life has evolved, viruses have been along for a lot of the ride.

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Thanks, Thought Bubble.

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Of course, all that said, we don't know what life might look like outside of planet Earth.

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In fact, there's a whole field of biology called astrobiology, devoted to thinking up what extraterrestrial life might look like by

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examining some of the most extreme forms of life here on Earth.

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Biologists might one day decide to add to the list, or tweak it, depending on what that non-terrestrial life looks like when it's discovered.

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But for now, our planet is the only one that we know sustains life.

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Ultimately, there is still room for debate here.

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Our qualifications for life let us draw a circle that keeps life inside and non-life outside.

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But don't be surprised if it's the kind of thing that human thinking continues to change on.

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Especially when, and if, we get better at making things that may or may not be alive.

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Seeing what does and doesn't count as life might seem kind of up in the clouds.

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But hey, if we didn't, how else would we know that there are living microbes up in those clouds that affect the weather?

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That's right, biology is everywhere.

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It's responsible for the medicine that you take when you get a headache, and for the vaccines that protect you from serious illness.

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It's in the cotton of your t-shirt, and the apple in your lunch, both brought to you by plants that have captured the energy from the sun.

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And guess what?

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Biology is in you.

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It's in the organs and cells and tissues that make everything about you possible.

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Whether that's sneezing, or laughing, or digesting lunch, writing a poem, or riding a bike.

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And it doesn't end there.

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No matter what size or shape life takes, every living thing is connected to every other living thing.

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Every bug, bat, and bacterium shares a common ancestor, a single-celled organism that lived about four billion years ago.

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But it's not just evolution that connects us.

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The very molecules that make up our bodies were born in the heart of a fiery star long before Earth was formed.

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And that same star dust will move on after we're gone to make up new ones.

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In a way, you have just as much claim to the title of Heavenly Body as Jupiter or Venus.

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This interconnectedness can be mind-blowing and perspective-changing.

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But it's not just something to marvel at in the abstract.

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It's also a practical puzzle piece that helps us understand ourselves and our future.

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Like, by knowing that we're connected to mice on the family tree, ethically studying them can help us find cures for human diseases.

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And because life is connected by big biological processes, we can understand how our actions affect the water,

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the land, the climate, and in turn, us.

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By showing us life's interconnectedness, biology can help us, and is helping us, find solutions to some of our biggest challenges,

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like hunger, disease, and climate change.

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So yeah, biology is everywhere, because life is all around us.

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And by highlighting the wild web of connections between you and every other living thing,

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biology helps us understand ourselves and each other, and hopefully create a better future for all kinds of life.

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When biologists, and really people of all kinds, ask seemingly philosophical questions like, what is life, and how is everything connected?

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Or practical questions like, how do cancer cells reproduce, and what are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?

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They're participating in something big, something we call the scientific process.

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But we'll talk more about that next time.

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This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive.

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If you're an educator, visit biointeractive.org slash crash course for classroom resources

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and professional development related to the topics covered in this course.

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Thank you.

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생물학 관련 기본 용어와 개념을 영어로 이해하고 표현하는 능력이 향상됩니다. 예를 들어 "regulation" (조절), "reproduce" (번식)과 같은 단어를 문맥에서 사용할 수 있게 됩니다. 또한, 의문문과 강조문의 발화 방식을 익혀 자연스러운 영어 회화를 구사할 수 있습니다. 특히 "shadow speak" 기법을 적용해 화자의 발음과 리듬을 따라하는 연습을 통해 듣기와 말하기 실력을 동시에 키울 수 있습니다.

들어야 할 발음 특징

영어 발음 교정에 중요한 연결 발음과 축약형이 많이 등장합니다. 예를 들어 "it isn't"는 /ɪt ˈɪznt/가 아니라 /ɪt ˈɪznt/로 축약되며, "that is"는 /ðæt ɪz/가 아니라 /ðætɪz/로 연결됩니다. "something very strange"에서 "something"과 "very"는 /ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈvɛri/가 아니라 /ˈsʌmθɪŋvɛri/로 연결되어 발음됩니다. 이러한 연결 발음을 잘 듣고 따라하면 자연스러운 영어 발음을 배울 수 있습니다.

원어민처럼 말하는 방법

화자의 리듬과 강세를 따라하는 "shadowing" 연습이 효과적입니다. "Life is the most interesting thing"에서 "most interesting"는 강세가 되며, "thing"은 약하게 발음됩니다. "We study biology for a whole bunch of different reasons"에서 "whole bunch of"는 빠르게 발음되어 /hoʊl bʌntʌv/로 들립니다. shadowing site를 이용해 반복 연습하면, 영어의 자연스러운 리듬을 익힐 수 있습니다. 또한, 의문문의 intonation을 주의깊게 듣고 따라하세요. "Am I alive?"에서 끝 부분이 올라가는 것을 확인할 수 있습니다. 이렇게 발음과 리듬, intonation을 동시에 연습하면 원어민처럼 말할 수 있게 됩니다.

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화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.

문형	영상 속 표현
수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점	are made · being read · was processed
현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때	has ever happened · have wrestled · have developed

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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들어야 할 발음 특징

원어민처럼 말하는 방법

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쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법