シャドーイング練習: Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

練習モードを選ぶ

各モードは全画面の練習ルームで開きます。

158 文

文が短すぎたり長すぎる場合は、Editをタップして調整してください。

Four billion years ago, something very strange happened on this planet.

We call it life.

And I dare any person, any of you, to tell me that it isn't the most interesting thing that has ever happened.

Thankfully for all of us, it's still happening.

It's happening as much, if not more, than ever.

It's squishy, slippery, and slimy, and sticky, and spiky.

And you'll find all the shapes.

Moss-shaped, mosquito-shaped, manatee-shaped, U-shaped, and all the sizes too.

From tiny to tremendous, and everything in between.

And biology is the study of this thing we call life.

We study biology for a whole bunch of different reasons.

From the obvious, like making new medicines, to the not-so-obvious, like learning how to identify misinformation.

And we use biology to describe anything that life does.

Quick, are you breathing right now?

That is a biological process.

Life does a lot of stuff, but it's not so easy to pin down what life is.

Like, okay, for sure, that ant is alive.

It responds to its environment, like the crumb it just found.

And it must reproduce, based on how many of these ants I see coming right now.

But other things respond to their environment, too.

Like if that's our definition, is fire alive?

Is a computer virus alive?

Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?

Now, I'm a bit biased as a biologist, and a living thing, but life is the most interesting thing to have ever happened on Earth.

when we are not even sure what it is.

Hi, I'm Dr. Sammy, and this is Crash Course Biology.

Wait, am I alive?

I am alive, right?

Because we just introduced some serious uncertainty here.

Life feels like something you know when you see it.

But humans have wrestled with how to define it for centuries.

Like the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle thought the ability to grow,

reproduce, and react to inner and outer forces set life apart from non-life.

He was off track with some other observations, like he thought that women have fewer teeth than men, and that eels are made of mud.

But on the subject of life, he was really onto something.

Modern day biologists tend to agree that life involves a state of chemical balance that reproduces and evolves over generations.

In fact, that's also the definition that NASA uses, should they ever see signs of such a thing beyond Earth.

A self-sustaining chemical system capable of evolution.

But for now, here on Earth, generations of scientists have developed a list of seven characteristics that sort the stones,

not alive, from the stonefish, definitely alive.

We know you're there, stonefish.

You can't trick us no matter how good that disguise is.

First, living things keep their inner conditions steady as outer conditions change.

And that's called regulation.

Like, on a scorching hot day when I am dripping sweat and my dog is panting,

our bodies are using two different strategies for the same life-sustaining goal, regulating our temperature.

Second, living things respond to their environment.

That includes dramatics, like when a fast and furious cheetah sprints after a gazelle, or house cats imagining that they're cheetahs, but they're actually batting at houseflies.

But it's also the slow-motion stuff of the plant world, like the turn of a flower towards the sun, or a vine twisting on a branch.

Third, living things reproduce, passing on genetic information to their offspring.

And that includes the bouncing baby giraffe, who inherited her father's eyelashes, and their mother's extra thick tail hair.

But it also includes a single-celled yeast, splitting in two, making more of itself in its own image.

Oh, Yeasty the 52nd, carrying on the family name.

Fourth, living things also grow and develop based on the instructions in their genes.

Reading those instructions triggers a tadpole to turn into a frog, or a teenage boy's voice to change.

Unfortunately, genes can't prevent those instructions from being read the day before his solo of Oh Holy Night.

Terrible timing there, when all in one night your voice goes from Mariah Carey to Barry White.

Aww yeah, baby.

It's a bit of a mess.

Fifth, all living things process energy to do their, well, living things.

Like, my body is using nutrients from a Greek salad right now to breathe, pump blood, and talk to you.

And all that energy was processed by the living things that supplied my lunch.

So this episode of Crash Course is brought to you in part by a lettuce plant, an olive tree, and, oddly enough, the milk of a sheep.

Sixth, life is organized, even in living things that seem chaotically arranged to humanize.

I'm looking at you, platypus.

Yeah, even those weirdos have a sense of order structuring their bodies from the cells up.

Those groups of cells, arranged into tissues, organs, and organ systems, keep whole organisms functioning.

And last on the list, living things have adaptations shaped by a history of evolution.

These adaptations are traits that help organisms survive and reproduce.

Individuals that survive and reproduce pass on their genes and traits associated with them.

That's how the platypus ended up with such a weird, cool body, That includes not just webbed feet, but also venomous spurs to battle their rivals.

Like, what are you even doing with those, buddy?

You have almost no native predators.

Don't you point those at me.

Wander around with this checklist of life, and you can find evidence of it in lots of interesting forms.

Beetles, ferns, algae, yourself, your neighbor.

I mean, please ask first before looking for that evidence.

Don't spy on your neighbor.

And at the same time, some of these traits can be found in non-living things, too.

Like, take snowflakes.

Definitely organized, but they don't process energy.

Or think about fire.

It grows, but it can't reproduce.

And then there are some real edge cases.

The gray areas where our definition of what's living and what's not really gets pushed to the limit.

Let's head to the Thought Bubble.

Meet the virus.

A tiny bundle of genes in a protein jacket, even smaller than a cell.

their own.

In their little protein jackets, viruses just kinda hang out.

They can't reproduce, they can't grow, they cannot process energy.

They don't even regulate themselves, because nothing's really happening.

They're like really complicated dust.

But when those jackets come off, watch out!

Viruses seem wildly alive.

Their genetic information replicates.

They spread between living things, multiplying to infect other cells.

And just like cockroaches, cactuses, and chimpanzees, they evolve over many generations.

But there is a catch.

100

A virus can't do any of those things without first taking over a host cell.

101

They can't take action to infect.

102

They have no system for responding to their environment.

103

They are totally dependent on bumping into the right cell at the right time.

104

And every lifelike virus is a cell that has been commandeered to do all the work.

105

In fact, viruses like rabies direct their hosts so convincingly

106

that 19th century scientists thought that they were among the simplest forms of life.

107

But today, most biologists would say viruses aren't alive.

108

And I'd like to emphasize most.

109

Instead, viruses sit alongside life.

110

In a way, they borrow life.

111

And yet, we also know that viruses have been around a long time, almost as long as cells themselves.

112

They've evolved to infect everything, from single-celled amoeba to 150-ton blue whales.

113

So as life has evolved, viruses have been along for a lot of the ride.

114

Thanks, Thought Bubble.

115

Of course, all that said, we don't know what life might look like outside of planet Earth.

116

In fact, there's a whole field of biology called astrobiology, devoted to thinking up what extraterrestrial life might look like by

117

examining some of the most extreme forms of life here on Earth.

118

Biologists might one day decide to add to the list, or tweak it, depending on what that non-terrestrial life looks like when it's discovered.

119

But for now, our planet is the only one that we know sustains life.

120

Ultimately, there is still room for debate here.

121

Our qualifications for life let us draw a circle that keeps life inside and non-life outside.

122

But don't be surprised if it's the kind of thing that human thinking continues to change on.

123

Especially when, and if, we get better at making things that may or may not be alive.

124

Seeing what does and doesn't count as life might seem kind of up in the clouds.

125

But hey, if we didn't, how else would we know that there are living microbes up in those clouds that affect the weather?

126

That's right, biology is everywhere.

127

It's responsible for the medicine that you take when you get a headache, and for the vaccines that protect you from serious illness.

128

It's in the cotton of your t-shirt, and the apple in your lunch, both brought to you by plants that have captured the energy from the sun.

129

And guess what?

130

Biology is in you.

131

It's in the organs and cells and tissues that make everything about you possible.

132

Whether that's sneezing, or laughing, or digesting lunch, writing a poem, or riding a bike.

133

And it doesn't end there.

134

No matter what size or shape life takes, every living thing is connected to every other living thing.

135

Every bug, bat, and bacterium shares a common ancestor, a single-celled organism that lived about four billion years ago.

136

But it's not just evolution that connects us.

137

The very molecules that make up our bodies were born in the heart of a fiery star long before Earth was formed.

138

And that same star dust will move on after we're gone to make up new ones.

139

In a way, you have just as much claim to the title of Heavenly Body as Jupiter or Venus.

140

This interconnectedness can be mind-blowing and perspective-changing.

141

But it's not just something to marvel at in the abstract.

142

It's also a practical puzzle piece that helps us understand ourselves and our future.

143

Like, by knowing that we're connected to mice on the family tree, ethically studying them can help us find cures for human diseases.

144

And because life is connected by big biological processes, we can understand how our actions affect the water,

145

the land, the climate, and in turn, us.

146

By showing us life's interconnectedness, biology can help us, and is helping us, find solutions to some of our biggest challenges,

147

like hunger, disease, and climate change.

148

So yeah, biology is everywhere, because life is all around us.

149

And by highlighting the wild web of connections between you and every other living thing,

150

biology helps us understand ourselves and each other, and hopefully create a better future for all kinds of life.

151

When biologists, and really people of all kinds, ask seemingly philosophical questions like, what is life, and how is everything connected?

152

Or practical questions like, how do cancer cells reproduce, and what are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?

153

They're participating in something big, something we call the scientific process.

154

But we'll talk more about that next time.

155

This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive.

156

If you're an educator, visit biointeractive.org slash crash course for classroom resources

157

and professional development related to the topics covered in this course.

158

Thank you.

アプリをダウンロード

流暢に話すために必要なすべて

AI発音採点文ごとに採点

IPA練習すべての音をマスター

単語学習自分の単語帳を作る

単語ゲーム遊びながら覚える

QRをスキャン

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

同じチャンネル

The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2

Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students

Crash Course US History Preview

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

Defense Against the Dark Arts of Influence: Crash Course Business Soft Skills #2

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults

FOR YOU

この動画でシャドースピーチをする理由

YouTubeで英語学習をするなら、「Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1」は最適な教材です。生物学者の話し方が自然でリズミカルで、日常会話から学術的な表現まで幅広く含まれています。シャドースピーチ（shadow speak）をすることで、リズムやイントネーションを身につけるだけでなく、科学用語の発音も練習できます。また、「生命の定義」などの議論を通して、論理的な話し方も学べます。

文脈の中の文法と表現

「We call it life.」のような「call + 目的語 + 名詞」の構造：「～を～と呼ぶ」という基本的な表現で、説明する際によく使われます。
「It's happening as much, if not more, than ever.」の「as much as」と「if not more」の組み合わせ：「以前と同じくらい、もしかしたらもっと」という曖昧な表現を自然に使う方法を学びます。
「Like, okay, for sure, that ant is alive.」の「like」「okay」「for sure」：口語的な間投詞で、話し言葉のリズムを作り出します。

発音の難しい箇所

英語の発音を良くするために、注意が必要な単語がいくつかあります。「biology」は「バイオロジー」ではなく「バイオロジィ」と発音します。「squishy」「slippery」「slimy」などの「s」から始まる単語は、舌の位置を正確にすることが重要です。また、「regulation」の「g」は「ギュレーション」ではなく「レギュレーション」と発音します。シャドーイングサイトを使って繰り返し練習することで、これらの発音をマスターできます。

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型	動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる	are made · being read · was processed
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係している	has ever happened · have wrestled · have developed

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →

シャドーイング練習: Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1 - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

練習モードを選ぶ

アプリをダウンロード

The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2

Crash Course US History Preview

What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10

How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9

How Often do Asteroids Hit the Earth?: Crash Course Geology #20

Crash Course Sex Ed Preview

Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2

Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2

Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4

What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1

The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5

The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3

Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2

Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1

The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4

Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8

Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2

Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?

The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1

Defense Against the Dark Arts of Influence: Crash Course Business Soft Skills #2

Introduction to Cognitive Bias: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #1

Why Are You Alive – Life, Energy & ATP

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #1

Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 2

Philosophy of Science Lecture #1: Introduction

SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT - DNA & RNA

The 600 Million Year Story of the Human Brain | FULL DOCUMENTARY

Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever – CRISPR

Brian Cox - The Most Mysterious Facts About The Universe

Introduction to the immune system

"What is life"-lecture: Denis Noble

Technology Made Us Human

この動画でシャドースピーチをする理由

文脈の中の文法と表現

発音の難しい箇所

この動画の文法

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由