Shadowing Practice: Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1 - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
כל מצב פותח חדר תרגול במסך מלא.
158 משפטים
אם המשפטים קצרים או ארוכים מדי, לחץ על ערוך כדי להתאים אותם.
1
Four billion years ago, something very strange happened on this planet.
2
We call it life.
3
And I dare any person, any of you, to tell me that it isn't the most interesting thing that has ever happened.
4
Thankfully for all of us, it's still happening.
5
It's happening as much, if not more, than ever.
6
It's squishy, slippery, and slimy, and sticky, and spiky.
7
And you'll find all the shapes.
8
Moss-shaped, mosquito-shaped, manatee-shaped, U-shaped, and all the sizes too.
9
From tiny to tremendous, and everything in between.
10
And biology is the study of this thing we call life.
11
We study biology for a whole bunch of different reasons.
12
From the obvious, like making new medicines, to the not-so-obvious, like learning how to identify misinformation.
13
And we use biology to describe anything that life does.
14
Quick, are you breathing right now?
15
That is a biological process.
16
Life does a lot of stuff, but it's not so easy to pin down what life is.
17
Like, okay, for sure, that ant is alive.
18
It responds to its environment, like the crumb it just found.
19
And it must reproduce, based on how many of these ants I see coming right now.
20
But other things respond to their environment, too.
21
Like if that's our definition, is fire alive?
22
Is a computer virus alive?
23
Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?
24
Now, I'm a bit biased as a biologist, and a living thing, but life is the most interesting thing to have ever happened on Earth.
25
when we are not even sure what it is.
26
Hi, I'm Dr. Sammy, and this is Crash Course Biology.
27
Wait, am I alive?
28
I am alive, right?
29
Because we just introduced some serious uncertainty here.
30
Life feels like something you know when you see it.
31
But humans have wrestled with how to define it for centuries.
32
Like the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle thought the ability to grow,
33
reproduce, and react to inner and outer forces set life apart from non-life.
34
He was off track with some other observations, like he thought that women have fewer teeth than men, and that eels are made of mud.
35
But on the subject of life, he was really onto something.
36
Modern day biologists tend to agree that life involves a state of chemical balance that reproduces and evolves over generations.
37
In fact, that's also the definition that NASA uses, should they ever see signs of such a thing beyond Earth.
38
A self-sustaining chemical system capable of evolution.
39
But for now, here on Earth, generations of scientists have developed a list of seven characteristics that sort the stones,
40
not alive, from the stonefish, definitely alive.
41
We know you're there, stonefish.
42
You can't trick us no matter how good that disguise is.
43
First, living things keep their inner conditions steady as outer conditions change.
44
And that's called regulation.
45
Like, on a scorching hot day when I am dripping sweat and my dog is panting,
46
our bodies are using two different strategies for the same life-sustaining goal, regulating our temperature.
47
Second, living things respond to their environment.
48
That includes dramatics, like when a fast and furious cheetah sprints after a gazelle, or house cats imagining that they're cheetahs, but they're actually batting at houseflies.
49
But it's also the slow-motion stuff of the plant world, like the turn of a flower towards the sun, or a vine twisting on a branch.
50
Third, living things reproduce, passing on genetic information to their offspring.
51
And that includes the bouncing baby giraffe, who inherited her father's eyelashes, and their mother's extra thick tail hair.
52
But it also includes a single-celled yeast, splitting in two, making more of itself in its own image.
53
Oh, Yeasty the 52nd, carrying on the family name.
54
Fourth, living things also grow and develop based on the instructions in their genes.
55
Reading those instructions triggers a tadpole to turn into a frog, or a teenage boy's voice to change.
56
Unfortunately, genes can't prevent those instructions from being read the day before his solo of Oh Holy Night.
57
Terrible timing there, when all in one night your voice goes from Mariah Carey to Barry White.
58
Aww yeah, baby.
59
It's a bit of a mess.
60
Fifth, all living things process energy to do their, well, living things.
61
Like, my body is using nutrients from a Greek salad right now to breathe, pump blood, and talk to you.
62
And all that energy was processed by the living things that supplied my lunch.
63
So this episode of Crash Course is brought to you in part by a lettuce plant, an olive tree, and, oddly enough, the milk of a sheep.
64
Sixth, life is organized, even in living things that seem chaotically arranged to humanize.
65
I'm looking at you, platypus.
66
Yeah, even those weirdos have a sense of order structuring their bodies from the cells up.
67
Those groups of cells, arranged into tissues, organs, and organ systems, keep whole organisms functioning.
68
And last on the list, living things have adaptations shaped by a history of evolution.
69
These adaptations are traits that help organisms survive and reproduce.
70
Individuals that survive and reproduce pass on their genes and traits associated with them.
71
That's how the platypus ended up with such a weird, cool body, That includes not just webbed feet, but also venomous spurs to battle their rivals.
72
Like, what are you even doing with those, buddy?
73
You have almost no native predators.
74
Don't you point those at me.
75
Wander around with this checklist of life, and you can find evidence of it in lots of interesting forms.
76
Beetles, ferns, algae, yourself, your neighbor.
77
I mean, please ask first before looking for that evidence.
78
Don't spy on your neighbor.
79
And at the same time, some of these traits can be found in non-living things, too.
80
Like, take snowflakes.
81
Definitely organized, but they don't process energy.
82
Or think about fire.
83
It grows, but it can't reproduce.
84
And then there are some real edge cases.
85
The gray areas where our definition of what's living and what's not really gets pushed to the limit.
86
Let's head to the Thought Bubble.
87
Meet the virus.
88
A tiny bundle of genes in a protein jacket, even smaller than a cell.
89
their own.
90
In their little protein jackets, viruses just kinda hang out.
91
They can't reproduce, they can't grow, they cannot process energy.
92
They don't even regulate themselves, because nothing's really happening.
93
They're like really complicated dust.
94
But when those jackets come off, watch out!
95
Viruses seem wildly alive.
96
Their genetic information replicates.
97
They spread between living things, multiplying to infect other cells.
98
And just like cockroaches, cactuses, and chimpanzees, they evolve over many generations.
99
But there is a catch.
100
A virus can't do any of those things without first taking over a host cell.
101
They can't take action to infect.
102
They have no system for responding to their environment.
103
They are totally dependent on bumping into the right cell at the right time.
104
And every lifelike virus is a cell that has been commandeered to do all the work.
105
In fact, viruses like rabies direct their hosts so convincingly
106
that 19th century scientists thought that they were among the simplest forms of life.
107
But today, most biologists would say viruses aren't alive.
108
And I'd like to emphasize most.
109
Instead, viruses sit alongside life.
110
In a way, they borrow life.
111
And yet, we also know that viruses have been around a long time, almost as long as cells themselves.
112
They've evolved to infect everything, from single-celled amoeba to 150-ton blue whales.
113
So as life has evolved, viruses have been along for a lot of the ride.
114
Thanks, Thought Bubble.
115
Of course, all that said, we don't know what life might look like outside of planet Earth.
116
In fact, there's a whole field of biology called astrobiology, devoted to thinking up what extraterrestrial life might look like by
117
examining some of the most extreme forms of life here on Earth.
118
Biologists might one day decide to add to the list, or tweak it, depending on what that non-terrestrial life looks like when it's discovered.
119
But for now, our planet is the only one that we know sustains life.
120
Ultimately, there is still room for debate here.
121
Our qualifications for life let us draw a circle that keeps life inside and non-life outside.
122
But don't be surprised if it's the kind of thing that human thinking continues to change on.
123
Especially when, and if, we get better at making things that may or may not be alive.
124
Seeing what does and doesn't count as life might seem kind of up in the clouds.
125
But hey, if we didn't, how else would we know that there are living microbes up in those clouds that affect the weather?
126
That's right, biology is everywhere.
127
It's responsible for the medicine that you take when you get a headache, and for the vaccines that protect you from serious illness.
128
It's in the cotton of your t-shirt, and the apple in your lunch, both brought to you by plants that have captured the energy from the sun.
129
And guess what?
130
Biology is in you.
131
It's in the organs and cells and tissues that make everything about you possible.
132
Whether that's sneezing, or laughing, or digesting lunch, writing a poem, or riding a bike.
133
And it doesn't end there.
134
No matter what size or shape life takes, every living thing is connected to every other living thing.
135
Every bug, bat, and bacterium shares a common ancestor, a single-celled organism that lived about four billion years ago.
136
But it's not just evolution that connects us.
137
The very molecules that make up our bodies were born in the heart of a fiery star long before Earth was formed.
138
And that same star dust will move on after we're gone to make up new ones.
139
In a way, you have just as much claim to the title of Heavenly Body as Jupiter or Venus.
140
This interconnectedness can be mind-blowing and perspective-changing.
141
But it's not just something to marvel at in the abstract.
142
It's also a practical puzzle piece that helps us understand ourselves and our future.
143
Like, by knowing that we're connected to mice on the family tree, ethically studying them can help us find cures for human diseases.
144
And because life is connected by big biological processes, we can understand how our actions affect the water,
145
the land, the climate, and in turn, us.
146
By showing us life's interconnectedness, biology can help us, and is helping us, find solutions to some of our biggest challenges,
147
like hunger, disease, and climate change.
148
So yeah, biology is everywhere, because life is all around us.
149
And by highlighting the wild web of connections between you and every other living thing,
150
biology helps us understand ourselves and each other, and hopefully create a better future for all kinds of life.
151
When biologists, and really people of all kinds, ask seemingly philosophical questions like, what is life, and how is everything connected?
152
Or practical questions like, how do cancer cells reproduce, and what are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?
153
They're participating in something big, something we call the scientific process.
154
But we'll talk more about that next time.
155
This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive.
156
If you're an educator, visit biointeractive.org slash crash course for classroom resources
157
and professional development related to the topics covered in this course.
158
Thank you.
הורד אפליקציה
כל מה שאתה צריך כדי לדבר בשטף
הגיית AIציון לכל משפט
תרגול IPAשלוט בכל צליל
אוצר מיליםבנה את מאגר המילים שלך
משחק אוצר מיליםלמד תוך כדי משחק
אותו ערוץ
C11
Remembering and Forgetting: Crash Course Psychology #14
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B21
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
Crash Course US History Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Meet Your Master - Getting to Know Your Brain: Crash Course Psychology #4
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Introduction to Astronomy: Crash Course Astronomy #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C13
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C1Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
Psychological Research: Crash Course Psychology #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FOR YOU
המלץ על סרטון
C120
158 משפטים
Introduction to Cognitive Bias: Crash Course Scientific Thinking #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C14
104 משפטים
Why Are You Alive – Life, Energy & ATP
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C16
77 משפטים
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
59 משפטים
Cambridge Ielts 16 Reading test 2 Passage 2
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C18
549 משפטים
Philosophy of Science Lecture #1: Introduction
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C17
31 משפטים
SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT - DNA & RNA
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C112
86 משפטים
Who Am I?
British AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
612 משפטים
The 600 Million Year Story of the Human Brain | FULL DOCUMENTARY
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
150 משפטים
Genetic Engineering Will Change Everything Forever – CRISPR
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
627 משפטים
Brian Cox - The Most Mysterious Facts About The Universe
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C18
159 משפטים
Introduction to the immune system
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C154
23 משפטים
Happy Brain Chemicals: dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, endorphin
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: alive, biology, cell, reproduce. בסרטון הזה יש 158 משפטים ו-1919 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 13:46. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-139 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. רק 81% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| reproduce פועל | /ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/ | התרבה |
| biologist שם עצם | /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/ | ביולוג \ בִּיוֹלוֹג |
| organism שם עצם | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | אוֹרְגָּנִיזְם, יְצוּר |
| trait שם עצם | /tɹeɪt/ | מאפיין, תכונה |
| cheetah שם עצם | /ˈt͡ʃiːtə/ | ברדלס \ בַּרְדְּלָס, צ׳יטה \ צִ׳יטָה |
| platypus שם עצם | /ˈplætɪˌpʊs/ | ברווזן |
| neighbour שם עצם | /ˈneɪbɚ/ | שָׁכֵן, שְׁכֵנָה |
| amoeba שם עצם | /əˈmiːbə/ | אָמֶבָּה |
| bacterium שם עצם | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | חַיְדַּק \ חידק |
| cactus שם עצם | /ˈkæktəs/ | צבר |
| chimpanzee שם עצם | /t͡ʃɪmˈpæn.zi/ | שימפנזה |
| eyelash שם עצם | /ˈaɪlæʃ/ | רִיס |
| gazelle שם עצם | /ɡəˈzɛl/ | צבי |
| giraffe שם עצם | /d͡ʒəˈɹæf/ | גִ׳ירָף, זֶמֶר |
| manatee שם עצם | /ˈmæn.əˌtiː/ | תַּחַשׁ נְהָרוֹת |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- Thankfully for all of us, it's still happening.
- Quick, are you breathing right now?
- Like if that's our definition, is fire alive?
- Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?
- Wait, am I alive?
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | are made · being read · was processed |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | has ever happened · have wrestled · have developed |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-34 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו can't, don't, they're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, eyelash /ˈaɪlæʃ/, misinformation /ˌmɪs.ɪn.fɚˈmeɪ.ʃən/, squishy /ˈskwɪʃi/, qualification /ˌkwɑlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: biologist /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, convincingly /kənˈvɪn.sɪŋ.li/, ethically /ˈɛθɪkəli/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: squishy /ˈskwɪʃi/, wander /ˈwɑndɚ/, wildly /ˈwaɪldli/, qualification /ˌkwɑlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/, whale /ˈweɪl/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: platypus /ˈplætɪˌpʊs/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, ancestor /ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/, bacterium /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/, cactus /ˈkæktəs/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: reproduce /ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, trait /tɹeɪt/, regulate /ˈɹɛɡ.jə.leɪt/, arrange /əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒ/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו reproduce, biologist, organism.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.