Shadowing Practice: Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology #1 - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Four billion years ago, something very strange happened on this planet.
Hace cuatro mil millones de años, algo muy extraño sucedió en este planeta.
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We call it life.
Lo llamamos vida.
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And I dare any person, any of you, to tell me that it isn't the most interesting thing that has ever happened.
Y reto a cualquiera, a cualquiera de ustedes, a que me diga que no es lo más interesante que ha sucedido jamás.
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Thankfully for all of us, it's still happening.
Afortunadamente para todos, sigue ocurriendo.
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It's happening as much, if not more, than ever.
Está ocurriendo tanto o más que nunca.
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It's squishy, slippery, and slimy, and sticky, and spiky.
Es blando, resbaladizo, viscoso, pegajoso y espinoso.
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And you'll find all the shapes.
Y encontrarás todas las formas.
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Moss-shaped, mosquito-shaped, manatee-shaped, U-shaped, and all the sizes too.
Con forma de musgo, con forma de mosquito, con forma de manatí, en forma de U, y de todos los tamaños también.
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From tiny to tremendous, and everything in between.
Desde lo diminuto hasta lo inmenso, y todo lo que hay entre medias.
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And biology is the study of this thing we call life.
Y la biología es el estudio de esto que llamamos vida.
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We study biology for a whole bunch of different reasons.
Estudiamos biología por muchísimas razones diferentes.
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From the obvious, like making new medicines, to the not-so-obvious, like learning how to identify misinformation.
Desde lo obvio, como la creación de nuevos medicamentos, hasta lo no tan obvio, como aprender a identificar la desinformación.
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And we use biology to describe anything that life does.
Y utilizamos la biología para describir todo lo que hace la vida.
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Quick, are you breathing right now?
Rápido, ¿estás respirando ahora mismo?
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That is a biological process.
Ese es un proceso biológico.
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Life does a lot of stuff, but it's not so easy to pin down what life is.
La vida hace muchas cosas, pero no es tan fácil definir qué es la vida.
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Like, okay, for sure, that ant is alive.
O sea, vale, seguro que esa hormiga está viva.
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It responds to its environment, like the crumb it just found.
Responde a su entorno, como a la migaja que acaba de encontrar.
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And it must reproduce, based on how many of these ants I see coming right now.
Y debe reproducirse, a juzgar por la cantidad de hormigas que veo venir ahora mismo.
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But other things respond to their environment, too.
Pero otras cosas también responden a su entorno.
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Like if that's our definition, is fire alive?
Si esa es nuestra definición, ¿acaso el fuego sigue vivo?
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Is a computer virus alive?
¿Existe algún virus informático?
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Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?
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Now, I'm a bit biased as a biologist, and a living thing, but life is the most interesting thing to have ever happened on Earth.
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when we are not even sure what it is.
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Hi, I'm Dr. Sammy, and this is Crash Course Biology.
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Wait, am I alive?
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I am alive, right?
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Because we just introduced some serious uncertainty here.
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Life feels like something you know when you see it.
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But humans have wrestled with how to define it for centuries.
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Like the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle thought the ability to grow,
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reproduce, and react to inner and outer forces set life apart from non-life.
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He was off track with some other observations, like he thought that women have fewer teeth than men, and that eels are made of mud.
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But on the subject of life, he was really onto something.
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Modern day biologists tend to agree that life involves a state of chemical balance that reproduces and evolves over generations.
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In fact, that's also the definition that NASA uses, should they ever see signs of such a thing beyond Earth.
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A self-sustaining chemical system capable of evolution.
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But for now, here on Earth, generations of scientists have developed a list of seven characteristics that sort the stones,
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not alive, from the stonefish, definitely alive.
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We know you're there, stonefish.
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You can't trick us no matter how good that disguise is.
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First, living things keep their inner conditions steady as outer conditions change.
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And that's called regulation.
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Like, on a scorching hot day when I am dripping sweat and my dog is panting,
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our bodies are using two different strategies for the same life-sustaining goal, regulating our temperature.
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Second, living things respond to their environment.
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That includes dramatics, like when a fast and furious cheetah sprints after a gazelle, or house cats imagining that they're cheetahs, but they're actually batting at houseflies.
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But it's also the slow-motion stuff of the plant world, like the turn of a flower towards the sun, or a vine twisting on a branch.
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Third, living things reproduce, passing on genetic information to their offspring.
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And that includes the bouncing baby giraffe, who inherited her father's eyelashes, and their mother's extra thick tail hair.
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But it also includes a single-celled yeast, splitting in two, making more of itself in its own image.
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Oh, Yeasty the 52nd, carrying on the family name.
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Fourth, living things also grow and develop based on the instructions in their genes.
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Reading those instructions triggers a tadpole to turn into a frog, or a teenage boy's voice to change.
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Unfortunately, genes can't prevent those instructions from being read the day before his solo of Oh Holy Night.
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Terrible timing there, when all in one night your voice goes from Mariah Carey to Barry White.
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Aww yeah, baby.
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It's a bit of a mess.
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Fifth, all living things process energy to do their, well, living things.
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Like, my body is using nutrients from a Greek salad right now to breathe, pump blood, and talk to you.
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And all that energy was processed by the living things that supplied my lunch.
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So this episode of Crash Course is brought to you in part by a lettuce plant, an olive tree, and, oddly enough, the milk of a sheep.
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Sixth, life is organized, even in living things that seem chaotically arranged to humanize.
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I'm looking at you, platypus.
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Yeah, even those weirdos have a sense of order structuring their bodies from the cells up.
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Those groups of cells, arranged into tissues, organs, and organ systems, keep whole organisms functioning.
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And last on the list, living things have adaptations shaped by a history of evolution.
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These adaptations are traits that help organisms survive and reproduce.
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Individuals that survive and reproduce pass on their genes and traits associated with them.
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That's how the platypus ended up with such a weird, cool body, That includes not just webbed feet, but also venomous spurs to battle their rivals.
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Like, what are you even doing with those, buddy?
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You have almost no native predators.
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Don't you point those at me.
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Wander around with this checklist of life, and you can find evidence of it in lots of interesting forms.
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Beetles, ferns, algae, yourself, your neighbor.
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I mean, please ask first before looking for that evidence.
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Don't spy on your neighbor.
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And at the same time, some of these traits can be found in non-living things, too.
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Like, take snowflakes.
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Definitely organized, but they don't process energy.
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Or think about fire.
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It grows, but it can't reproduce.
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And then there are some real edge cases.
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The gray areas where our definition of what's living and what's not really gets pushed to the limit.
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Let's head to the Thought Bubble.
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Meet the virus.
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A tiny bundle of genes in a protein jacket, even smaller than a cell.
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their own.
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In their little protein jackets, viruses just kinda hang out.
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They can't reproduce, they can't grow, they cannot process energy.
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They don't even regulate themselves, because nothing's really happening.
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They're like really complicated dust.
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But when those jackets come off, watch out!
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Viruses seem wildly alive.
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Their genetic information replicates.
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They spread between living things, multiplying to infect other cells.
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And just like cockroaches, cactuses, and chimpanzees, they evolve over many generations.
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But there is a catch.
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A virus can't do any of those things without first taking over a host cell.
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They can't take action to infect.
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They have no system for responding to their environment.
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They are totally dependent on bumping into the right cell at the right time.
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And every lifelike virus is a cell that has been commandeered to do all the work.
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In fact, viruses like rabies direct their hosts so convincingly
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that 19th century scientists thought that they were among the simplest forms of life.
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But today, most biologists would say viruses aren't alive.
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And I'd like to emphasize most.
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Instead, viruses sit alongside life.
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In a way, they borrow life.
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And yet, we also know that viruses have been around a long time, almost as long as cells themselves.
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They've evolved to infect everything, from single-celled amoeba to 150-ton blue whales.
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So as life has evolved, viruses have been along for a lot of the ride.
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Thanks, Thought Bubble.
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Of course, all that said, we don't know what life might look like outside of planet Earth.
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In fact, there's a whole field of biology called astrobiology, devoted to thinking up what extraterrestrial life might look like by
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examining some of the most extreme forms of life here on Earth.
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Biologists might one day decide to add to the list, or tweak it, depending on what that non-terrestrial life looks like when it's discovered.
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But for now, our planet is the only one that we know sustains life.
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Ultimately, there is still room for debate here.
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Our qualifications for life let us draw a circle that keeps life inside and non-life outside.
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But don't be surprised if it's the kind of thing that human thinking continues to change on.
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Especially when, and if, we get better at making things that may or may not be alive.
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Seeing what does and doesn't count as life might seem kind of up in the clouds.
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But hey, if we didn't, how else would we know that there are living microbes up in those clouds that affect the weather?
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That's right, biology is everywhere.
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It's responsible for the medicine that you take when you get a headache, and for the vaccines that protect you from serious illness.
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It's in the cotton of your t-shirt, and the apple in your lunch, both brought to you by plants that have captured the energy from the sun.
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And guess what?
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Biology is in you.
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It's in the organs and cells and tissues that make everything about you possible.
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Whether that's sneezing, or laughing, or digesting lunch, writing a poem, or riding a bike.
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And it doesn't end there.
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No matter what size or shape life takes, every living thing is connected to every other living thing.
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Every bug, bat, and bacterium shares a common ancestor, a single-celled organism that lived about four billion years ago.
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But it's not just evolution that connects us.
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The very molecules that make up our bodies were born in the heart of a fiery star long before Earth was formed.
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And that same star dust will move on after we're gone to make up new ones.
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In a way, you have just as much claim to the title of Heavenly Body as Jupiter or Venus.
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This interconnectedness can be mind-blowing and perspective-changing.
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But it's not just something to marvel at in the abstract.
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It's also a practical puzzle piece that helps us understand ourselves and our future.
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Like, by knowing that we're connected to mice on the family tree, ethically studying them can help us find cures for human diseases.
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And because life is connected by big biological processes, we can understand how our actions affect the water,
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the land, the climate, and in turn, us.
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By showing us life's interconnectedness, biology can help us, and is helping us, find solutions to some of our biggest challenges,
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like hunger, disease, and climate change.
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So yeah, biology is everywhere, because life is all around us.
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And by highlighting the wild web of connections between you and every other living thing,
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biology helps us understand ourselves and each other, and hopefully create a better future for all kinds of life.
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When biologists, and really people of all kinds, ask seemingly philosophical questions like, what is life, and how is everything connected?
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Or practical questions like, how do cancer cells reproduce, and what are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?
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They're participating in something big, something we call the scientific process.
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But we'll talk more about that next time.
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This series was produced in collaboration with HHMI BioInteractive.
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If you're an educator, visit biointeractive.org slash crash course for classroom resources
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and professional development related to the topics covered in this course.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación de nivel C1 se basa en el vídeo “Introduction to Biology: Crash Course Biology”. Las palabras que más se repiten: alive, biology, cell, reproduce. Este vídeo tiene 158 frases y 1919 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 13:46. El hablante mantiene un ritmo constante de unas 139 palabras por minuto, cómodo para el shadowing. Solo el 81 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
Las 15 palabras más avanzadas del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| reproduce verbo | /ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/ | reproducir |
| biologist sustantivo | /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/ | biólogo, bióloga |
| evolve verbo | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | desarrollar |
| infect verbo | /ɪnˈfɛkt/ | infectar, contagiar |
| organism sustantivo | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | organismo |
| trait sustantivo | /tɹeɪt/ | rasgo, característica |
| sustain verbo | /səˈsteɪn/ | sostener, sustentar |
| cheetah sustantivo | /ˈt͡ʃiːtə/ | guepardo, chita |
| interconnectedness sustantivo | interconectividad, interconexión | |
| platypus sustantivo | /ˈplætɪˌpʊs/ | ornitorrinco |
| stonefish sustantivo | pez piedra | |
| neighbour sustantivo | /ˈneɪbɚ/ | vecino, vecina |
| regulate verbo | /ˈɹɛɡ.jə.leɪt/ | reglamentar |
| arrange verbo | /əˈɹeɪnd͡ʒ/ | arreglar, acotejar |
| adaptation sustantivo | /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/ | adaptación |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | reponer, suplir |
| pin down verbo | inmovilizar, atrapar | |
| take over verbo | apoderarse, enseñorearse | |
| think up verbo | ingeniar, discurrir | |
| watch out | cuidado, ojo |
Frases que vale la pena repetir
Frases cortas y completas del vídeo que puedes reutilizar en la conversación diaria:
- Thankfully for all of us, it's still happening.
- Quick, are you breathing right now?
- Like if that's our definition, is fire alive?
- Is the robot vacuum I call my personal butler alive?
- Wait, am I alive?
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | are made · being read · was processed |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | has ever happened · have wrestled · have developed |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 34 contracciones y formas reducidas, como can't, don't, they're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, eyelash /ˈaɪlæʃ/, misinformation /ˌmɪs.ɪn.fɚˈmeɪ.ʃən/, squishy /ˈskwɪʃi/, qualification /ˌkwɑlɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: biologist /baɪˈɒləd͡ʒɪst/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, adaptation /ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/, convincingly /kənˈvɪn.sɪŋ.li/, ethically /ˈɛθɪkəli/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Haz shadowing frase por frase a velocidad normal, repitiendo cada una hasta que tu ritmo coincida con el del hablante.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como reproduce, biologist, evolve.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.