쉐도잉 연습: 1 7 What is Information - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
레슨 만드는 중...
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Sometimes it's useful to look at the roots of a word to figure out what it might mean.
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For example, the words will and volition both descend from the root to want in Indo-European languages.
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In many such languages you can still hear this meaning.
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In German I want is ich will, whereas in Italian it's volio.
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You can also hear the same root in our word voluntary, done of one's own free will because one wants to.
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We can also do this for the word information, which is related to the verb to inform.
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This descends directly from the roots in and formare in Latin,
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implying the formation of something new in the mind of the person who's being informed.
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It refers to teaching or instructing someone something new that they did not know before.
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In ordinary language, information is commonly thought of as a noun describing a thing
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that we can locate out there in the world whether a book in a library or a web page on a server.
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But a pattern of energy, whether a book or a web page or a compact disc,
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is only informative for an interpreter or decoder capable of decoding it.
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Change the system of interpretation from English to Mandarin
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and the pattern w-o-m-e-n goes from referring to female adults
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or women in English to meaning we or us in Chinese which is pronounced woman.
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Similarly
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if you read the word B-A-D assuming it to be an
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English word it means something very different from what a German would read bat to be
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because in German that word would be decoded to mean bath.
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So the informational content is not specified by pattern of input, but by how it is read out or interpreted.
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The meaning bad or bath is not inherent to the word BAD, but depends on how it is interpreted.
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Things like books and web pages
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and CDs should all be thought of as potential information whose potential to become information depends on whether
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and how they're decoded by decoders or interpreters that can take them as input to be decoded or interpreted.
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Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory, did not think of information as a thing but as a process of informing.
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He simplified the idea to include a sender that sends an encoding
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or message along some communication channel to a receiver who decodes it like a speaker and listener in a phone conversation.
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If uncertainty is reduced from two possibilities, say zero or one, to one certainty,
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say one, say the answer is yes when we were not sure if the answer would be yes or no,
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that reduction in uncertainty from two possible outcomes to one actual outcome comprises one bit of information.
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So information is a process
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that involves a reduction in uncertainty for a receiver of inputs who gets informed by that increase in knowing.
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But Shannon's conception does not capture everything about information.
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For example, it misses out on meaning almost entirely.
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If the question I asked was, will you marry me, and the answer came back yes, I would be overjoyed, and if it came back no, I might be devastated.
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But if the question had been, do you like dogs, I might not actually care that much if the answer came back yes or no.
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meaning is central to what we live for.
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We don't want to hear yes when we ask someone to marry us because we just want a reduction in uncertainty.
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We want to hear yes because we want to be loved by the person we love
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and we want to spend the rest of our life together with them.
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Another thing
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that Shannon's possibility reduction conception of information seems to miss out on is its emphasis on acts of encoding and decoding.
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But we don't only decode or interpret encoded messages.
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Not everything is like a sentence that we decode.
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Some acts of interpretation happen in the absence of any act of encoding or sending at all.
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For example, a person can interpret a pile of rocks
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that just happened to lie in the shape of some religious symbol as a message from God.
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The pile of rocks might have been left there randomly by a glacier thousands of years ago just by chance, so lacks any objective message, intent, or meaning, but seeing
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that symbol in the pile of rocks might be very meaningful to the person who saw it as a message from God.
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So an encoder, or act of intentional encoding, is not necessary for information to come into existence through an act of decoding or interpretation.
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In our example, the person finds the random pile of rocks meaningful, so for him, it carries or conveys meaningful information, in this case for him,
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a message to him from God.
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Nor is a communication channel necessary
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because a receiver might decode internally generated hallucinations as a message from God or as ghosts or whatever.
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The crucial point is that information arises principally from acts of decoding inputs
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or interpreting signs or detecting patterns and energy that are received.
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No active encoding or sending is required.
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Note that information is fundamentally an epistemological construct.
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It's a change in the state of the knowledge of someone
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who comes to know something new who is informed by that information.
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The single best definition of information that I have ever heard was proposed by the biologist Gregory Bateson.
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He said, information is a difference that makes a difference.
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It's a detected difference that's meaningful to an animal given its needs and goals and desires.
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This definition of information is perhaps less mathematically precise than Shannon's, but it captures the centrality of meaning in the life and mind of an animal.
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It's not really so much about the reduction of possibilities to one's certainty that makes information biologically meaningful.
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There can be a huge reduction of possibility that's of no consequence, depending on what an animal is trying to do.
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If it's looking for food, it might not matter very much that the sky has just gone from cloudy to sunny.
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What matters is finding food.
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In comparison to a change in the whole sky, the appearance of a tiny little fly,
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say for a frog, might be more meaningful in terms of fulfilling its needs for food.
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Conversely, a tiny detected difference can have enormous implications depending on the context.
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For example, a detective might find a tiny piece of hair and on the basis of that, solve the case and identify the perpetrator.
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So for purposes of this course, we'll think of information not as a thing, but as a process of informing where some difference is detected by a detector,
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such as a neuron, and if it is a difference that makes a difference,
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that detector will cause other events to happen in a cascade of such acts of informing.
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Thank you.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 77개와 단어 1165개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 7:13입니다. 화자는 분당 약 161단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 78%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| inform 동사 | /ɪnˈfɔɹm/ | 알리다, 전달하다 |
| reduction 명사 | /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/ | 환원 |
| meaningful 형용사 | /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fl̩/ | 유의미(有意味)하다 |
| interpret 동사 | /ɪnˈtɜː.pɹɪt/ | 해석하다 |
| depend 동사 | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | 의존하다, ...에 달려 있다 |
| pile 명사 | /paɪl/ | 무더기 |
| detect 동사 | /dɪˈtɛkt/ | 찾다, 탐지하다 |
| uncertainty 명사 | /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ | 불확실 |
| interpretation 명사 | /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/ | 통역 |
| receiver 명사 | /ɹəˈsi.vɚ/ | 수취인, 받는 사람 |
| refer 동사 | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | 언급하다 |
| bath 명사 | /bɑːθ/ | 욕조 |
| capture 동사 | /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/ | 포획하다 |
| marry 동사 | /ˈmæɹi/ | 결혼하다, 장가가다 |
| symbol 명사 | /ˈsɪmbəl/ | 상징, 부호 |
영상에 나오는 구동사
| 단어 | 뜻 |
|---|---|
| come back 동사 | 돌아오다 |
주의할 발음
화자는 don't, they're, we'll 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 4번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: reduction /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, interpreter /ɪnˈtɝ.pɹɪ.tɚ/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, inform, reduction, meaningful 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 조건문 if + 절, will/would + 동사 — 조건과 그 결과 | if the answer would be · If the question I asked was, will you |
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | is related · being informed · is pronounced |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | information, which is · Chinese which is · person who saw |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | have ever heard · has just gone |
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.