शैडोइंग अभ्यास: 1 7 What is Information - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
1
Sometimes it's useful to look at the roots of a word to figure out what it might mean.
2
For example, the words will and volition both descend from the root to want in Indo-European languages.
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In many such languages you can still hear this meaning.
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In German I want is ich will, whereas in Italian it's volio.
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You can also hear the same root in our word voluntary, done of one's own free will because one wants to.
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We can also do this for the word information, which is related to the verb to inform.
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This descends directly from the roots in and formare in Latin,
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implying the formation of something new in the mind of the person who's being informed.
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It refers to teaching or instructing someone something new that they did not know before.
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In ordinary language, information is commonly thought of as a noun describing a thing
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that we can locate out there in the world whether a book in a library or a web page on a server.
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But a pattern of energy, whether a book or a web page or a compact disc,
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is only informative for an interpreter or decoder capable of decoding it.
14
Change the system of interpretation from English to Mandarin
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and the pattern w-o-m-e-n goes from referring to female adults
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or women in English to meaning we or us in Chinese which is pronounced woman.
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Similarly
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if you read the word B-A-D assuming it to be an
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English word it means something very different from what a German would read bat to be
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because in German that word would be decoded to mean bath.
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So the informational content is not specified by pattern of input, but by how it is read out or interpreted.
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The meaning bad or bath is not inherent to the word BAD, but depends on how it is interpreted.
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Things like books and web pages
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and CDs should all be thought of as potential information whose potential to become information depends on whether
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and how they're decoded by decoders or interpreters that can take them as input to be decoded or interpreted.
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Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory, did not think of information as a thing but as a process of informing.
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He simplified the idea to include a sender that sends an encoding
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or message along some communication channel to a receiver who decodes it like a speaker and listener in a phone conversation.
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If uncertainty is reduced from two possibilities, say zero or one, to one certainty,
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say one, say the answer is yes when we were not sure if the answer would be yes or no,
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that reduction in uncertainty from two possible outcomes to one actual outcome comprises one bit of information.
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So information is a process
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that involves a reduction in uncertainty for a receiver of inputs who gets informed by that increase in knowing.
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But Shannon's conception does not capture everything about information.
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For example, it misses out on meaning almost entirely.
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If the question I asked was, will you marry me, and the answer came back yes, I would be overjoyed, and if it came back no, I might be devastated.
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But if the question had been, do you like dogs, I might not actually care that much if the answer came back yes or no.
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meaning is central to what we live for.
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We don't want to hear yes when we ask someone to marry us because we just want a reduction in uncertainty.
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We want to hear yes because we want to be loved by the person we love
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and we want to spend the rest of our life together with them.
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Another thing
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that Shannon's possibility reduction conception of information seems to miss out on is its emphasis on acts of encoding and decoding.
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But we don't only decode or interpret encoded messages.
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Not everything is like a sentence that we decode.
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Some acts of interpretation happen in the absence of any act of encoding or sending at all.
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For example, a person can interpret a pile of rocks
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that just happened to lie in the shape of some religious symbol as a message from God.
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The pile of rocks might have been left there randomly by a glacier thousands of years ago just by chance, so lacks any objective message, intent, or meaning, but seeing
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that symbol in the pile of rocks might be very meaningful to the person who saw it as a message from God.
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So an encoder, or act of intentional encoding, is not necessary for information to come into existence through an act of decoding or interpretation.
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In our example, the person finds the random pile of rocks meaningful, so for him, it carries or conveys meaningful information, in this case for him,
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a message to him from God.
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Nor is a communication channel necessary
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because a receiver might decode internally generated hallucinations as a message from God or as ghosts or whatever.
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The crucial point is that information arises principally from acts of decoding inputs
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or interpreting signs or detecting patterns and energy that are received.
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No active encoding or sending is required.
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Note that information is fundamentally an epistemological construct.
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It's a change in the state of the knowledge of someone
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who comes to know something new who is informed by that information.
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The single best definition of information that I have ever heard was proposed by the biologist Gregory Bateson.
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He said, information is a difference that makes a difference.
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It's a detected difference that's meaningful to an animal given its needs and goals and desires.
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This definition of information is perhaps less mathematically precise than Shannon's, but it captures the centrality of meaning in the life and mind of an animal.
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It's not really so much about the reduction of possibilities to one's certainty that makes information biologically meaningful.
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There can be a huge reduction of possibility that's of no consequence, depending on what an animal is trying to do.
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If it's looking for food, it might not matter very much that the sky has just gone from cloudy to sunny.
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What matters is finding food.
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In comparison to a change in the whole sky, the appearance of a tiny little fly,
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say for a frog, might be more meaningful in terms of fulfilling its needs for food.
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Conversely, a tiny detected difference can have enormous implications depending on the context.
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For example, a detective might find a tiny piece of hair and on the basis of that, solve the case and identify the perpetrator.
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So for purposes of this course, we'll think of information not as a thing, but as a process of informing where some difference is detected by a detector,
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such as a neuron, and if it is a difference that makes a difference,
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that detector will cause other events to happen in a cascade of such acts of informing.
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Thank you.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 77 वाक्य और 1165 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 7:13 लंबा है। वक्ता लगभग 161 शब्द प्रति मिनट की स्वाभाविक गति से बोलता है, जो रोज़मर्रा की बातचीत के करीब है। केवल 78% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 सीखने लायक शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
| शब्द | उच्चारण | अर्थ |
|---|---|---|
| inform क्रिया | /ɪnˈfɔɹm/ | सूचित करना, बताना |
| reduction संज्ञा | /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/ | कटौती |
| meaningful विशेषण | /ˈmiː.nɪŋ.fl̩/ | सार्थक, अर्थपूर्ण |
| interpret क्रिया | /ɪnˈtɜː.pɹɪt/ | निर्वचन करना, अर्थ लगाना |
| uncertainty संज्ञा | /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/ | संदेह, संशय |
| interpretation संज्ञा | /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/ | निर्वचन, अर्थनिर्वचन |
| receiver संज्ञा | /ɹəˈsi.vɚ/ | प्राप्तकर्ता, लाभार्थी |
| bath संज्ञा | /bɑːθ/ | स्नानागार |
| marry क्रिया | /ˈmæɹi/ | ब्याहना, शादी करना |
| symbol संज्ञा | /ˈsɪmbəl/ | प्रतीक, चिह्न |
| certainty संज्ञा | /ˈsɝtn̩ti/ | सुनिश्चितता, निश्चय |
| conception संज्ञा | /kənˈsɛpʃən/ | गर्भधारण |
| detector संज्ञा | /dɪˈtɛktə(ɹ)/ | डिटेक्टर |
| founder संज्ञा | /ˈfaʊ̯n.dəː/ | संस्थापक, प्रवर्तक |
| server संज्ञा | /ˈsɝvɚ/ | सर्वर |
वीडियो में आने वाली फ़्रेज़ल वर्ब
| शब्द | अर्थ |
|---|---|
| come back क्रिया | वापस आना |
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 4 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, they're, we'll। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: reduction /ɹɪˈdʌk.ʃən/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: uncertainty /ʌnˈsɜːtənti/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, interpreter /ɪnˈtɝ.pɹɪ.tɚ/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर inform, reduction, meaningful जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| शर्त वाले वाक्य if + उपवाक्य, will/would + क्रिया — शर्त और उसका नतीजा | if the answer would be · If the question I asked was, will you |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | is related · being informed · is pronounced |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | information, which is · Chinese which is · person who saw |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have ever heard · has just gone |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।