쉐도잉 연습: Why Farming was a Terrible Deal for Humans - Prof. Jiang Xueqin - YouTube로 영어 말하기 배우기

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We were first hunter gatherers.
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We were first hunter gatherers.
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and we lived in groups of about 20 to 50 people and we  roamed the land looking for food.
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It was uncertain, it was unstable and  then suddenly there was a revolution.
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We discover farming.
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And farming provided a stable source of food, that we could control, okay?
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The word we use is domestication, Domestication just means that we bring it under our control.
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And because of farming, we can now create more food  than we need.
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The word we use for this is surplus and because there's a  surplus people now could do things besides farming so for example we could have um leaders which creates the idea of politics right?
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We could also have priests which introduces the idea of religion.
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And then we can have creative people which then gives us arts.
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And slowly over time these villages grew into cities and because there was a lot of people and a lot of surplus we could now have literature reading and writing so we can now store knowledge and then pass it from generation to generation and across cultures We can now have science and technology and slowly over the course of this process we create modernity okay?
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which is the world that we live in today so the pivotal step towards modernity was this transition into agriculture and this is traditionally  what we believed about the world Unfortunately there's no evidence  for this okay and in fact the more evidence we collect the  more we realize this is not true.
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In fact, what we now know  is, it was actually pretty stupid..
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to transition from hunter gatherer into farming okay? for a variety of reasons.
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The first reason is that when you're a hunter gatherer it's actually a pretty easy life because there's food  everywhere okay? When you're a farmer it's a hard life because you have  to grow that food so maybe maybe as a hunter gatherer you're working maybe an hour a day but as a farmer you were working six seven hours a day.
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It was very hard to grow that food so in the book "Sapiens" The Israeli historian named Yuval Harari he's very famous, Sapien is also a very famous book, There's a very famous sentence  okay the sentence is like this "we did not domesticate wheat, wheat domesticated us" okay? so we thought that we made wheat okay the food  wheat into our slave but in reality wheat made us its slave  and the reasoning for this is this out in nature if you're wheat and  you want to survive you have to make yourself attractive to other people and to animals okay? So you have to be tasty and you have to be easy to find, you have to do a lot of work but when you're on a farm and you are wheat you can just lay back do nothing and make humans do all the work okay? so it was a bad deal for humans and a very good deal for wheat okay so that's the first problem you  actually do more work on the farm than you do as a hunter gatherer. Which means that now you have to have more children right?
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You need to have labor to do all that work which creates a problem of overpopulation. Which means that you are using too much land and then eventually the land becomes dead okay? Or uh not arabale anymore so that's the first problem. Second problem is that we're able to dig up the skeletons of hunter gatherers and farmers and what we see is that hunter gathers are a lot taller than farmers. Why? Protein right? Food as a hunter gatherer you have access to meat, you  have access to fruits and nuts and vegetables okay your diet is varied  um and very nutritious but as a farmer you're eating only what you grow which  is mainly wheat and some vegetables so you're not getting that much  nutrition. Then the third problem is that is as a farmer you are much more likely to die early than if you're a hunter gatherer.
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Why? Have you guys been to a farm? What's the problem on a farm? Exactly thank you pigs right? Animals. They're everywhere plus where do you put the garbage? Where do you go to the restroom right? so because people are together in a very unclean place it's much more likely to contract disease and then die okay? So for these three reasons the transition from hunter gather to farming makes no sense and even today we are not able to explain to you why this transition happened.

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맥락 및 배경

이번 영상에서 교수 장쉐친은 농업이 인류에게 미친 부정적인 영향에 대해 설명합니다. 그는 인류가 수렵-채집 생활을 하던 시절과 농업으로 전환한 후의 삶을 비교하며, 농업으로의 전환이 실제로는 인류에게 오히려 불리한 선택이었다는 관점을 제시합니다. 이러한 배경 지식을 바탕으로 영어 회화 연습을 효과적으로 진행할 수 있는 방법을 알아보겠습니다.

일상 대화를 위한 5가지 표현

  • domestication: 길들임
  • surplus: 잉여
  • modernity: 현대성
  • overpopulation: 인구 과잉
  • contract disease: 질병에 걸리다

이 표현들은 환경 변화와 인류의 생활 방식을 이해하는 데 중요한 어휘입니다. 'domestication'과 같은 단어는 농업과 관련된 논의에서 자주 사용되기 때문에, 영어 회화 연습을 통해 익혀두면 유용합니다. 이 용어들을 실제 대화에 적용해보세요.

단계별 쉐도잉 가이드

이 영상을 통해 제공되는 내용을 바탕으로 영어 쉐도잉에 도전해보세요. 다음은 영어 회화 연습을 위한 단계별 가이드입니다:

  1. 초기 청취: 영상을 처음부터 끝까지 한 번 들어보세요. 전체적인 내용을 이해하는 데 중점을 두세요.
  2. 의미 분석: 각 문장에서 새로운 표현과 단어의 의미를 파악하세요. 대화의 맥락에서 어떻게 사용되는지 고민해보세요.
  3. 쉐도잉 연습: 이제 각 문장을 따라서 말해보세요. 발음과 억양에 집중하며 반복하세요. 이 단계에서 'shadow speak'를 활용하여 자연스럽게 말하는 연습을 해보세요.
  4. 반복 연습: 어려웠던 부분은 다시 반복하며 익히세요. 특히 'overpopulation'과 같은 단어는 정확한 발음이 중요합니다.
  5. 녹음 및 비교: 자신의 목소리를 녹음해보세요. 원어민의 발음과 비교하여 개선할 점을 찾아보세요.

이와 같은 방법으로 영어 회화 연습을 진행하면, 점점 더 유창하게 이야기할 수 있게 될 것입니다. 또한, IELTS 스피킹 준비 시에도 이러한 단계적인 접근이 큰 도움이 될 것입니다.

쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법

쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.

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